nowledge of mythology which it would take a lifetime to acquire piece by piece from general reading, and the aims, therefo

in poetry and art. The closing chapter includes an analysis of myths by the light of philology and comparative mythology,

attered over the face of the earth, the Hebrews alone were instructed by God, who gave them not only a full account of the

ose personal appearance could not be described, as there was no light by which he could be seen. He shared his throne with

em, and seized the supreme power. Space, illumined for the first time by their radiance, revealed itself in all its uncout

.” Aristophanes ( Frere’s tr.). The Earth thus created was supposed by the ancients to be a disc, instead of a sphere as

ced in the exact centre. Their Earth was divided into two equal parts by Pontus (the Sea, — equivalent to our Mediterranea

d the great river Oceanus in a “steady, equable current,” undisturbed by storm, from which the Sea and all the rivers were

he portion of the Earth directly north of their country was inhabited by a fortunate race of men, the Hyperboreans, who dw

a never-ending springtide. Their homes were said to be “inaccessible by land or by sea.” They were “ exempt from disease,

ding springtide. Their homes were said to be “inaccessible by land or by sea.” They were “ exempt from disease, old age, a

islands had sun, moon, and stars of their own, and were never visited by the cold wintry winds that swept down from the no

say,     The Isles of the Blest, Are peaceful and happy, by night and by day.     Far away in the glorious west. “They ne

of delight,     They need not the pale, pale star; The sun is bright, by day and night,     Where the souls of the blessed

ever!” Pindar. Chaos, Erebus, and Nyx were deprived of their power by Æther and Hemera, who did not long enjoy the poss

incessant clamour for freedom. In due time their number was increased by the three terrible Centimani (Hundred-handed), Co

i (Hundred-handed), Cottus, Briareus, and Gyes, who were sent thither by Uranus to share their fate. Greatly dissatisfied

nd prophesied that a day would come when he, too, would be supplanted by his children, and would suffer just punishment fo

the dismal realm of Tartarus, expressed their willingness to be ruled by him. Their satisfaction was complete, however, wh

s enterprise. One fine morning, however, his equanimity was disturbed by the announcement that a son was born to him. The

nt. As her prayers seemed unavailing, Rhea finally resolved to obtain by stratagem the boon her husband denied; and as soo

born, she concealed him. The Childhood of Zeus. From the painting by G. F. Watts. By Permission of Mr. Frederick Holly

ce of all this unwonted noise and commotion was not at all understood by Cronus, who, in the intervals of his numerous aff

but, before he could put it into execution, he found himself attacked by his son, and, after a short but terrible encounte

triumphed so quickly, took possession of the supreme power, and aided by Rhea’s counsels, and by a nauseous potion prepare

ok possession of the supreme power, and aided by Rhea’s counsels, and by a nauseous potion prepared by Metis, a daughter o

ower, and aided by Rhea’s counsels, and by a nauseous potion prepared by Metis, a daughter of Oceanus, compelled Cronus to

ere hurled into Tartarus once more, where they were carefully secured by Neptune, Jupiter s brother, while the young conqu

nd earth and main: Strive all, of mortal and immortal birth, To drag, by this, the Thunderer down to earth Ye strive in va

very short-lived. Enceladus, another redoubtable giant, also created by Gæa, now appeared to avenge Typhœus. He too was s

fore he had become accustomed to his prison, he gave vent to his rage by outcries, imprecations, and groans; sometimes he

observed man and longed to bestow upon him some great power, unshared by any other creature of earth, which would raise hi

never willingly share it with man, and that, should any one obtain it by stealth, they would never forgive the thief. Long

a moment’s work. There a voracious vulture was summoned to feast day by day, upon his liver, the tearing of which from hi

feast day by day, upon his liver, the tearing of which from his side by the bird’s cruel beak and talons caused the suffe

prolonging the torture, which bade fair to have no end. Disheartened by the prospect of long years of unremitting pain, P

ascribed a good part of this beatific condition to the gift conferred by Prometheus, was greatly displeased, and tried to

us sauntered out alone, thinking she would soon join him, and perhaps by some caress atone for her present wilfulness. Lef

t interest, for it was curiously wrought of dark wood, and surmounted by a delicately carved head, of such fine workmanshi

ker free, adding very amiably, that she had already done so much harm by her ill-fated curiosity, that it would be difficu

kindly creature. Hope, whose mission was to heal the wounds inflicted by her fellow prisoners. “Hope sole remain’d within

ase in which the evil spirits were imprisoned, and on the way, seized by a fit of curiosity, raised the cover, and allowed

f curiosity, raised the cover, and allowed them all to escape. Little by little the world was peopled; and the first years

ly, nothing in this world is lasting; and the Golden Age was followed by another, not quite so prosperous, hence called th

ceeding times a silver age behold, Excelling brass, but more excell’d by gold. Then summer, autumn, winter, did appear, An

followed, when strife became customary, and differences were settled by blows. But by far the worst of all was the Iron A

n strife became customary, and differences were settled by blows. But by far the worst of all was the Iron Age, when men’s

rove most efficacious, he summoned the gods to deliberate and aid him by their counsels. The first suggestion offered, was

heir counsels. The first suggestion offered, was to destroy the world by fire, kindled by Jupiter’s much dreaded thunderbo

e first suggestion offered, was to destroy the world by fire, kindled by Jupiter’s much dreaded thunderbolts; and the king

s was about to put it into instant execution, when his arm was stayed by the objection that the rising flames might set fi

ssion, the immortals agreed to wash mankind off the face of the earth by a mighty deluge. The winds were instructed to gat

t Parnassus, the highest peak in Greece. On this mountain, surrounded by the ever-rising flood, stood the son of Prometheu

r usual bounds. Deucalion and Pyrrha followed the receding waves step by step down the steep mountain side.     “At lengt

in the extreme; for the dead had always been held in deep veneration by the Greeks, and the desecration of a grave was co

continued their descent, casting stones behind them. All those thrown by Deucalion were immediately changed into men, whil

rown by Deucalion were immediately changed into men, while those cast by Pyrrha became women. Thus the earth was peopled f

with a blameless race of men, sent to replace the wicked beings slain by Jupiter. Deucalion and Pyrrha shortly after becam

        Her forehead in the sky.” Virgil ( Conington’s tr.). Close by Jupiter’s side was sometimes seen Fortuna, goddes

titude for their intended sacrifice bade them ask any boon, promising by the great river Styx — the most binding and solem

ton’s tr.). Pleased with the novelty of her situation, and flattered by the god’s evident admiration, Europa ceased to st

and seek her, and not to return till they had found her. Accompanied by their mother, Telephassa, they immediately set ou

, mindful of the oracle, he ceased his search and followed her. Urged by curiosity, many adventurers joined him on the way

r the cause of their delay, and found that they had all been devoured by a huge dragon, which lived in the hollow. The pri

lmost instantaneous; for the giants, each fancying it had been thrown by his neighbour, began fighting among themselves. I

s very prosperous at first, he finally incurred the wrath of the gods by forgetting, on a solemn occasion, to offer them a

erpents. Jupiter was, of course, very widely and generally worshipped by the ancients; and his principal temples — the Cap

orth mysterious prophecies, which were supposed to have been inspired by the king of gods; this long-lost shrine has recen

e known as the Olympian Games; and the Greeks generally reckoned time by Olympiads, that is to say, by the space of time b

and the Greeks generally reckoned time by Olympiads, that is to say, by the space of time between the celebrations. Withi

an to look about him for a suitable helpmate. Juno won his affections by her great beauty; and he immediately began his co

who admired this trait of filial devotion. The mother was so touched by her sons’ affection, that, as she knelt before th

ir united efforts were vain, however; and even the remedies suggested by Apollo, god of medicine, proved inefficacious. Un

d admiration of all the spectators. His qualities were duly explained by his proud creator, and all thought it quite impos

eir tutelary goddess. Ever at Jupiter’s side, Minerva often aided him by her wise counsels, and in times of war borrowed h

f Arachne These virile tastes were, however, fully counterbalanced by some exclusively feminine, for Minerva was as def

with her sword. In Greece, there lived in those olden times a maiden by the name of Arachne. Pretty, young, and winsome,

ame of Arachne. Pretty, young, and winsome, she would have been loved by all had it not been for her inordinate pride, not

rachne, in her conceit, fancied that no one could equal the work done by her deft fingers, so she boasted far and wide tha

ed her to be more modest, lest she should incur the wrath of the gods by her presumptuous words; but Arachne was so blinde

ath of the gods by her presumptuous words; but Arachne was so blinded by her conceit, that she scorned the well-meant warn

y clothed and armed — were very numerous. The most celebrated of all, by the renowned Greek sculptor Phidias, measured ful

quenchless fire, and far, far up on high Screams out his joy to thee, by all the names That thou dost bear — whether thy g

or Leto, the goddess of dark nights. Juno’s jealousy had been aroused by Jupiter’s preference for her rival. To avenge her

poor Latona, weary and parched with thirst, drew near to a small pool by the wayside to refresh herself; but, urged by Jun

ew near to a small pool by the wayside to refresh herself; but, urged by Juno, some reapers bade her pass on, and then, se

nce then showed great preference for muddy pools. Driven on once more by Juno’s unrelenting hatred, Latona finally came to

n the Ægean Sea; and there in that delightful climate, justly praised by poets, were born to Jupiter and Latona twin child

s well as of mortal men — the pangs of love. They were first inspired by Coronis, a fair maiden, who kindled within his br

llo and Coronis, Æsculapius (Asklepios), who was carefully instructed by Apollo in the healing art. The disciple’s talent

ion of head shepherd. “Then King Admetus, one who had     Pure taste by right divine, Decreed his singing not too bad To

e him viceroy o’er his sheep.” Lowell. Time passed. Apollo, touched by his master’s kindness, wished to bestow some favo

er back from the tomb.                             “Did not Hercules by force Wrest from the guardian Monster of the tomb

ing to perform any menial tasks, the God of Music seated himself near by , and played such inspiring tunes that the stones

e terrible Python won for Apollo the surname of Pytheus (the Slayer), by which appellation he was frequently invoked. This

had not played long, before Zephyrus, god of the south wind, passing by , saw them thus occupied. Jealous of Apollo, for h

fter this episode, Apollo encountered in the forest a beautiful nymph by the name of Daphne, daughter of the river god Pen

ing hands were filled with leaves. Her father had answered her prayer by changing her into a laurel tree. Apollo, coming u

em, crown; Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn, And, after poets, be by victors worn.” Ovid ( Dryden’s tr.). This story

story of Apollo and Daphne was an illustration of the effect produced by the sun (Apollo) upon the dew (Daphne). The sun i

uced by the sun (Apollo) upon the dew (Daphne). The sun is captivated by its beauty, and longs to view it more closely; th

e perfectly happy but their content was viewed with great displeasure by Eos (Aurora), goddess of dawn, who had previously

ho daily met him at noonday in the forest solitudes. Procris, blinded by sudden jealousy, gave credit to the false story,

“Sweet air, oh come!” the hunter cried; and Procris, cut to the heart by what she considered an infallible proof of his in

oof of his infidelity, sank fainting to the ground. The rustle caused by her swoon attracted Cephalus’ attention. Under th

eld his breath to listen. These weird, delightful tones were produced by Minerva, who, seated by the banks of a small stre

. These weird, delightful tones were produced by Minerva, who, seated by the banks of a small stream, was trying her skill

est. Intending to punish him for his presumption, Apollo, accompanied by the nine Muses, the patronesses of poetry and mus

yas was called upon first to exhibit his proficiency, and charmed all by his melodious strains. “So sweet that alone the

as himself retained the privilege of awarding the prize, and, blinded by partiality, gave it to Pan, in spite of the marke

pite of the marked inferiority of his playing. Apollo was so incensed by this injustice that he determined to show his opi

justice that he determined to show his opinion of the dishonest judge by causing generous sized ass’s ears to grow on eith

ide, Which he could neither gild nor hide.” Swift. Greatly dismayed by these new ornaments, Midas retreated into the pri

beheld them, these) such ass’s ears!’” Horace. Unspeakably relieved by this performance, the barber returned home. Time

rd to murmur. “Midas, King Midas, has ass’s ears!” and all who passed by caught the whisper, and noised it abroad, so that

play, Even the billows of the sea,     Hung their heads, and then lay by .” Shakespeare. This talent waxed greater as the

lay by.” Shakespeare. This talent waxed greater as the years passed by , and became so remarkable, that the youth’s fame

ce and glance and with tender, passionate music. Eurydice was touched by his courtship, and ere long requited the love lav

ed by his courtship, and ere long requited the love lavished upon her by conferring her hand upon Orpheus. Shortly after t

efore him; and as he walked he wondered whether Eurydice were changed by her sojourn in these rayless depths. Forgetful of

r sojourn in these rayless depths. Forgetful of the condition imposed by Pluto, his longing to feast his eyes once more up

ds placed in the heavens as a bright constellation, Lyra, also called by Orpheus’ name. The Story of Amphion Another

rtistic tastes. Hearing that their mother Antiope had been repudiated by her second husband, Lycus, so that he might marry

ted by her second husband, Lycus, so that he might marry another wife by the name of Dirce, these youths hastened off to T

the famous group once belonging to the Farnese family, and now called by their name. The Farnese Bull. National Museu

subsequently became King of Thebes, and wished to fortify his capital by building a huge rampart all around it; for the st

to him in musical fame was Arion, the musician who won untold wealth by his talent. On one occasion, having gone to Sicil

musicians from all points of the compass, he resolved to return home by sea. Unfortunately for him, the vessel upon which

fortunately for him, the vessel upon which he had embarked was manned by an avaricious, piratical crew, who, having heard

olphins, which came and played about the ship. The pirates, terrified by the power of his music, and in dread lest their h

, which him bore Through the Agean seas from Pirates vew, Stood still by him astonisht at his lore, And all the raging sea

ome proof of his divine origin, or keep his peace. Stung to the quick by some insolent taunts which they added, Phaeton ha

with a milder gleam refresh’d the sight.” Addison. Quite undazzled by this splendour, the youth still pressed on, strai

hat he would grant him any proof he wished, and confirmed these words by a solemn oath. “‘By the terrible Styx!’ said the

her’s principal injunctions, and all went well; but at length, elated by his exalted position, he became very reckless, dr

he land over which he was passing were burned black, — a hue retained by their descendants to this day. Terrified at what

anger he vowed he would make the rash mortal expiate his presumption by immediate death. He therefore selected the deadli

, three in number, — Phaetusa, Lampetia, and Ægle, — spent their days by the riverside, shedding tears, wringing their whi

oplar trees, and their tears into amber, which substance was supposed by the ancients to flow from the poplar trees like t

beautiful disdain, and might And majesty, flash their full lightnings by , Developing in that one glance the Deity.” Byron

of the sky, whose beams are seen afar! By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove, When, as chaste Dian, here thou de

them, and called upon all the gods of Olympus. Her daughters fell one by one, never to rise again. The last clung convulsi

ssionate embrace, death found and claimed her. Then the gods, touched by the sight of woe so intense, changed Niobe into s

rove her milk-white steeds across the heavens, watched over and loved by the countless stars, which shone their brightest

aw a handsome young shepherd fast asleep, his upturned face illumined by the moon’s soft light. Diana wonderingly gazed up

his slightly parted lips. The youth Endymion, only partially awakened by this demonstration, half raised his fringed lids,

Hollyer. Diana, fully as enamoured as he, could not bear to pass him by without a caress, and invariably left her car for

Diana, who could not bear to think of the youth’s beauty being marred by want, toil, and exposure, finally caused an etern

re she concealed him in a cave held sacred to her, and never profaned by human gaze. There each night the goddess paused t

he Story of Orion Endymion was not, however, the only mortal loved by Diana, for it is also related that her affections

is also related that her affections were bestowed upon a young hunter by the name of Orion. All day long this youth scoure

ir union on condition that his future son-in-law should win his bride by some heroic deed. Now, as Orion was anything but

his bride instead of marrying her openly; but the plan was frustrated by Œnopion’s watchfulness, and Orion was punished by

plan was frustrated by Œnopion’s watchfulness, and Orion was punished by the loss not only of his bride, but also of his e

, from whose radiance he borrowed a store of light, — “When, blinded by Œnopion, He sought the blacksmith at his forge, A

ned to love him; but this affection was viewed with great displeasure by Apollo, from whose piercing glance nothing that o

spleasure by Apollo, from whose piercing glance nothing that occurred by day could be hidden, and he resolved to put an en

le suspecting that the dark head of Orion, who was refreshing himself by a sea bath, was given her as a target. When she d

journey in her moon car, she seized her bow and arrows, and, attended by her nymphs, was wont to sally forth to hunt the w

e, Cytherea), the goddess of beauty, love, laughter, and marriage, is by some said to be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione

mist a lily form Rises from out the wave, in beauty warm. The wave is by the blue-veined feet scarce press’d, Her silky ri

owers set out for Mount Olympus, and on their way thither were joined by Himerus, god of the desire of love; Pothos, god o

d not restrain a rapturous murmur of admiration. Her beauty took them by storm, and her grace won their hearts; but, altho

t interviews they enjoyed. Yet, fearful lest some of the gods passing by should discover them together, Mars always placed

of the departed down into the Infernal Regions, where it was welcomed by Proserpina, queen of the realm, and led to the pl

yield up Adonis; and after much dispute a compromise was agreed upon, by virtue of which Adonis was allowed to spend one-h

ut even in death, so strong is Love, I could not wholly die; and year by year, When the bright springtime comes, and the e

r path. Hero and Leander This was the case with a lovely maiden by the name of Hero, who was dedicated by her parent

the case with a lovely maiden by the name of Hero, who was dedicated by her parents to Venus’ service, and, as soon as ol

time in the temple, ministering to the goddess, or in a lonely tower by the sea, where she dwelt alone with her aged nurs

as priestess to Queen Venus in that place; And at her father’s tower, by the sea set — Herself a Queen of Love, though mai

current. At last he reached the tower steps, and was lovingly greeted by Hero, whose heart had throbbed with anxiety at th

the daily duties which would soon claim her attention But separation by day was all these fond lovers could endure, and n

eared, Hero lighted her torch, and Leander hastened to her, to linger by her side till dawn. “Thus pass’d the summer shad

ckered, and nearly went out, although Hero protected its feeble flame by standing over it with outstretched robes. At sigh

of the wonted signal, Leander, who had already once been beaten back by the waves, made a second attempt to cross the str

eyes once more to view the cheering light. It was gone, extinguished by a passing gust of wind. Like a stone Leander sank

d, whose motion is not life, Yet feebly seems to menace strife, Flung by the tossing tide on high,         Then levell’d w

ing, she threw herself into the sea, and perished in the waves, close by his side. Thus lived and died the faithful lovers

hat had happened to delay Pyramus. Her meditation was suddenly broken by a rustling sound in some neighbouring bushes: and

e mulberry tree, which had been white, assumed a blood-like hue, dyed by the blood which flowed from the death wounds of P

her despair at his hard-heartedness, she implored Venus to punish him by making him suffer the pangs of unrequited love; t

time, the youth gradually bent further over the pool; and, reassured by his kindly glances, the nymph’s whole head appear

eupon two snowy arms repeated his every gesture; but when, encouraged by her loving glances and actions, he tried once mor

the enamoured youth could not tear himself away from the spot haunted by this sweet image, whose sensitive face reflected

eauty, and offered to pay homage to her instead of to Venus. Offended by this proposal, which Psyche had good sense enough

sh was gratified almost as soon as expressed; and at last, encouraged by her lover’s evident anxiety to please her, she ga

rther added that, if she were not very careful, he would probably end by devouring her. They thereupon advised poor troubl

that very morning that he was having a wound in his shoulder dressed by Venus: so she advised Psyche to go to the Goddess

would never have been able to accomplish them had she not been aided by all the beasts and insects, who loved her dearly.

anointed with it, for which Proserpina alone had the recipe. Directed by Zephyrus, her old friend, Psyche encountered the

ught but the spirit of Sleep, who, pouncing upon Psyche, laid her low by the roadside. Cupid, passing by, saw her there, m

o, pouncing upon Psyche, laid her low by the roadside. Cupid, passing by , saw her there, marked the ravages of grief, reme

cent fans,     Fluttering among the faint Olympians, I see, and sing, by my own eyes inspired. So let me be thy choir, and

us.” Seated in her chariot, formed of a single pearl shell, and drawn by snow-white doves, her favourite birds, she journe

nt god was quite unlike mortal children, as will readily be perceived by the numerous pranks he played immediately after h

myths, admits of a natural explanation. Apollo (the Sun) was supposed by the ancients to possess great herds of cattle and

convince herself that all was well. Her attention was soon attracted by an opaque, immovable cloud near the earth, — a cl

e still on the blue sea until she awoke? Her suspicions being aroused by the presence of this cloud, she sought her husban

pointed to the heifer, and declared he had been whiling away the time by creating it; but the explanation failed to satisf

tine flirtation, and had screened its fair object from her wrath only by a sudden transformation. Dissimulating these susp

ts actions. One day, therefore, as he was watching his charge pasture by the river, Argus heard her relate to her father,

poppies, Mercury approached Argus, and offered to while away the time by telling him tales. As Mercury was the prince of s

ay, Mercury softly shook the poppies over the giant’s head, until one by one the remaining eyelids closed, and Argus was w

an enormous gadfly to torment the poor beast, who, goaded to madness by its cruel stings, fled wildly from one country to

y movement; Mercury is the rain, whose advent blots out the stars one by One, thus killing Argus, who else was never known

alm of gloom The pallid shades with fearless brow descended To Hades, by the winged god attended.” Boyesen. He was one o

ues were considered sacred boundary marks, and their removal punished by death. Solemn annual festivals were held in Rome

e self-same temple, and their altars were the only ones ever polluted by human sacrifices. “And to the fire-ey’d maid of

restored him to freedom. In revenge for the cruel treatment inflicted by Otus and Ephialtes, Mars prevailed upon Apollo an

night, in utter darkness, so that the judges might not be influenced by the personal appearance of either plaintiff or de

isions, the babes survived, and, after having been suckled for a time by a she-wolf, were found and adopted by a shepherd.

having been suckled for a time by a she-wolf, were found and adopted by a shepherd. Romulus and Remus throve under this m

n doing so, quarrelled over the name of the prospective town. Blinded by anger, Romulus suddenly raised the tool he held,

and struck Remus such a savage blow that he fell to the ground, slain by his brother in a fit of passion. Alone now, Romul

first vainly tried to pursue his undertaking, but, being soon joined by a number of adventurers as wicked and unscrupulou

their king, they were told he had gone, never to return, carried off by the immortal gods, who wished him to share their

er usual fits of jealousy, Jupiter hung her out of heaven, fast bound by a golden chain; and Vulcan, perceiving her in thi

attempt to ascertain whether he had reached the earth in safety. Hurt by her indifference and ingratitude, Vulcan vowed ne

freshing draught. Vulcan, predisposed to thirst, and incited to drink by the very nature of his labour, accepted the offer

uous furniture from precious metals, and further embellished his work by a rich ornamentation of precious stones. “Then t

, And Juno slumber’d on the golden bed.” Homer ( Pope’s tr.). Aided by the Cyclopes, Vulcan manufactured Jupiter’s weapo

of Loves and Graces to reside in the dark caves of Mount Ætna. Amused by all the strange sights and sounds, the goddess at

He is also the reputed father of Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, by a slave Ocrisia, whom he was wont to visit in the

right flame, which played harmlessly about her. Vulcan was worshipped by all blacksmiths and artisans, who recognised him

o, also banished from heaven at that time, volunteered to aid Neptune by playing on his lyre, and moving the stones by the

unteered to aid Neptune by playing on his lyre, and moving the stones by the power of sweet sounds. The task satisfactoril

had devoured the appointed victim. A young girl was therefore chosen by lot, led down to the seashore, and chained by the

rl was therefore chosen by lot, led down to the seashore, and chained by the priest’s own hands to a slimy rock. As soon a

ppeared, and resumed his former depredations, which were only checked by the sacrifice of a second virgin. Year after year

eath, but, true to his nature, again refused the promised reward, and by his dishonesty incurred the hatred and contempt o

aving finished his time of servitude with Eurystheus, Hercules, aided by a chosen band of adventurers, came to Troy to pun

lamon; while her brother Podarces, later known as Priam, was redeemed by his people and made King of Troy. Laomedon’s fail

e gods except Jupiter. Neptune. Adam, Louvre. From a photograph by Levy et ses fils. As god of the sea, Neptune did

her during her prolonged search for her daughter, Proserpina. Annoyed by his persistent wooing, the goddess, to escape him

sumed the form of a mare; but the God of the Sea, not at all deceived by this stratagem, straightway assumed the form of a

occasion, for instance, he even lent his beautiful chariot to a youth by the name of Idas, who, loving a maiden dearly, an

mperious voice was heard to declare that the quarrel could be settled by Marpessa only, and that she should freely choose

id, and love her as long as they both lived. This choice was approved by Jupiter; and the lovers, after reaching a place o

r appointed dwellings, and strove to win Neptune’s approbation mostly by the zeal they showed in the discharge of their va

h, crowned with seaweed, and reclining in a pearl-shell chariot drawn by dolphins, or sea-horses, — was worshipped with he

n god set out on one of these expeditions, he rode in a chariot drawn by four coal-black steeds; and, if any obstacle pres

of fire; while the Acheron, a black and deep stream, had to be passed by all souls ere they reached Pluto’s throne and hea

m over free of charge. There was also in Hades the sacred river Styx, by whose waters the gods swore their most irrevocabl

who were sisters, and children of Acheron and Nyx, were distinguished by the individual names of Alecto, Tisiphone, and Me

way to a musical contest at Corinth this poet was attacked and slain by two robbers, and in his extremity he called upon

on his ear, mingled with the whistling of the whips incessantly plied by retributive deities. “What sounds were heard, Wh

here the just punishment of their sins. Attention was first attracted by a group of beautiful maidens who carried water to

had quite escaped his memory, and which foretold that he would perish by the hand of his son-in-law. It was now too late t

anaus, thus fulfilling the ominous prophecy; while the gods, incensed by the Danaides’ heartlessness, sent them to Hades,

e of ivory or of gold. Driven away from his kingdom, which was seized by the King of Troy, Pelops took refuge in Greece, w

ortunities, slew him. Such an act of violence could not be overlooked by the gods: so Jupiter summoned Ixion to appear bef

“Proud Ixion (doom’d to feel The tortures of the eternal wheel, Bound by the hand of angry Jove) Received the due rewards

so constantly rose out of Tartarus, were the Elysian Fields, lighted by a sun and moon of their own, decked with the most

stood, Who sang with all the raptures of a god: Worthies whose lives by useful arts refined; With those who leave a death

us The Story of Semele Among all the mortal maidens honoured by the love of Jupiter, king of the gods, none was m

e Styx, That flow beneath us, mightiest oath of all, And most revered by the blessed gods! Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). The pr

wn majestic form and apparel, and hasten back to her side, surrounded by all his heavenly pomp, and armed with his dreaded

s, And arm’d with thunder of the smallest size: Not those huge bolts, by which the giants slain, Lay overthrown on the Phl

ht; They call it thunder of a second-rate. For the rough Cyclops, who by Jove’s command Temper’d the bolt and turn’d it to

Liber, Dionysus), the infant son of Jupiter and Semele, who was saved by his father’s powerful hand. Jupiter was at first

utions, wreaked all her anger upon poor Ino and her unhappy household by sending the Fury Tisiphone to goad Athamas to mad

, changed her into the goddess Leucothea and her son into a sea deity by the name of Palæmon. When still but a youth, Bacc

ll his travels; for he delighted in roaming all over the world, borne by his followers, or riding in his chariot drawn by

ver the world, borne by his followers, or riding in his chariot drawn by wild beasts, while his tutor followed him, mounte

e his tutor followed him, mounted on an ass, supported on either side by an attendant. “And near him rode Silenus on his

lf down upon the sand on the sea-shore to rest. Some pirates, sailing by , saw the handsome young sleeper, and noiselessly

ed, he bade the seamen take him back to land, but they merely replied by laughter and mockery. Their amusement was cut sho

( Croxall’s tr.). The sight of these and many other wonders, wrought by a mere touch, filled his heart with joy; and in h

s he attempts to eat: His patron’s noble juice of purple hue, Touch’d by his lips, a gilded cordial grew, Unfit for drink;

shore. Ariadne, for such was the girl’s name, had been forsaken there by her lover, Theseus, who had sailed away while she

rd the pleasant music, she caught sight of a merry procession, headed by the God of Wine. “‘And as I sat, over the light

Ariadne to his longing arms, and, to prevent her being again claimed by Death, gave her immortal life. The Story of Pe

t attracted the attention of the already excited Bacchantes, who, led by Agave, the king’s own mother, dragged him from hi

ia, where the wildest merrymaking and licence were freely indulged in by all participants. “Bacchus, on thee they call, i

praises duly sing, And consecrated cakes and chargers bring, Dragg’d by their horns let victim goats expire, And roast on

yrsus, an ivy-circled wand, as sceptre, and riding in a chariot drawn by panthers or leopards. Chapter XIV: Ceres and

ddess of agriculture and civilisation. Her manifold cares were shared by her daughter, Proserpina (Cora, Pherephatta, Pers

rite place of resort, where she wandered about all day long, attended by a merry girlish train, gathering flowers, on the

n of Pluto, who happened to be driving past in his dark chariot drawn by four fiery coal-black steeds. Pluto and Prose

irds never sang, and the flowers never bloomed. Hurt and disappointed by these rebuffs, Pluto had finally registered a sol

, Where the sinful dead are hurled? Mark him as he moves along, Drawn by horses black and strong, Such as may belong to Ni

uch as none Of us may wisely look upon.” Barry Cornwall. Frightened by his impetuous approach, the trembling nymphs firs

to attempt to cross the river in his chariot would be madness, while by retracing his footsteps he ran the risk of meetin

the Cyane, and called to the water nymph to carry it to Ceres. Elated by the complete success of his bold venture, and no

rain no longer refreshed the drooping flowers, the grain was parched by the ardent rays of the sun, and the grass all per

pina. Weary at last of her hopeless quest, the goddess seated herself by the wayside, near the city of Eleusis, and gave w

she had assumed the appearance of an aged crone; and as she sat there by the wayside, in tears, she attracted the compassi

ed her the charge of their infant brother Triptolemus. Ceres, touched by their ready sympathy, accepted the offer; and whe

roserpina’s track, hastened. on until she came to a crystal fountain, by whose side she sat down to rest. Her eyes were he

as once a nymph, called Arethusa, in Diana’s train, and how, overcome by the heat, she had once sought a cool stream where

when suddenly the river, until now as smooth as a mirror, was ruffled by waves, which crept nearer and nearer to the start

dale, through forest and field, Arethusa ran, still closely followed by her too ardent lover, until, exhausted, she pause

thin.’” Keats. The misty cloud in which Arethusa had been enveloped by Diana’s protecting care was soon blown away by a

usa had been enveloped by Diana’s protecting care was soon blown away by a mischievous breath from Zephyrus; and Alpheus,

he Alpheus River; and it was said the self-same flowers, carried away by his current, soon reappeared in the Sicilian foun

reappeared in the Sicilian fountain, carried there as love offerings by the enamoured river. “O my beloved, how divinely

cries “which rose from all parts of the earth; until Jupiter, wearied by these importunities, consented to Proserpina’s re

re the false monarch would have treacherously slain him had not Ceres by timely interference prevented the execution of hi

es by timely interference prevented the execution of his base purpose by changing the traitor into a lynx, the emblem of p

hose sacred trees was sure to incur the goddess’s wrath, as is proved by the story of Erisichthon. The Story of Erisich

At his first blow, blood began to flow from the tree; but, undeterred by the phenomenon or the entreaties of the bystander

entreaties of the bystanders, Erisichthon continued. Finally, annoyed by the importunities of the spectators, he turned an

nd slew one or two, and then completed his sacrilege. Ceres, incensed by his insolence and cruelty, devised a terrible cha

gnaw his vitals, and torment him night and day. The wretch, tortured by a hunger which no amount of food could allay, dis

e, and, in answer to her prayer, Neptune delivered her from servitude by changing her into a fisherman. When the master re

count of the haste with which she disposed of a bowl of gruel offered by some charitable person. To punish the boy for his

ng to the old heathen custom, all men were regarded as enemies unless by a special compact they had been made friends, so

reserved, together with the goddess’s sacred fire, originally kindled by the rays of the sun. This fire — an emblem of the

which the ancients fancied was kept burning within each human breast by Vesta, the life-giver — was kept constantly burni

intended to represent the purity of the goddess, who, although wooed by many lovers, — among whom Apollo and Neptune can

n. The Romans fancied that her worship had been introduced into Italy by Æneas, their famous ancestor, who brought thither

buried alive in a vaulted chamber, fashioned for this express purpose by Numa Pompilius’s order. In turn, each of the prie

. In return for the signal services the Vestals rendered to the State by maintaining this sacred fire, they enjoyed many p

e, they enjoyed many privileges: among others, that of being preceded by a lictor with fasces when they walked abroad; of

but very few); and of obtaining the pardon of criminals whom they met by accident on their way to the place of execution.

nt on their way to the place of execution. Loved and greatly honoured by all, the Vestals have become types of all things

ate and pure.” Young. The Vestal Virgins were further distinguished by a vesture of pure white linen, with a purple bord

and told all she knew. Upon one occasion she incurred Jupiter’s wrath by relating to Juno a conversation she had overheard

y charming; and, instead of obeying Jupiter, he made love to her, and by pantomime obtained her consent to their union. Sh

on the Tiber, to which he gave the name Janiculum. Here he was joined by the exiled Saturn, with whom he generously shared

victorious Jove, Driven down and banish’d from the realms above. He, by just laws, embodied all the train, Who roam’d the

ull of poppy juice in his languid hand. His drowsy head was supported by Morpheus, his prime minister, who watched incessa

aves. Day after day the queen hastened down to the seashore, followed by her attendants, to watch for the returning sails

d that his body was even now being cast up on the smooth, sandy beach by the salt sea waves. With a wild cry of terror and

immediately cast herself into the sea, to perish beside him. Touched by grief so real and intense, the gods changed both

rey with relentless joy. Needless to say, this cruel deity was viewed by the ancients with fear and dislike, and no homage

paid the most heed to them, and invariably placed their statues side by side. As for Morpheus, the son as well as the pri

the gods only, but also offered up sacrifices to a few mortals, who, by their heroic deeds and virtuous lives, had won bo

ation and respect. Foremost among these heroes — generally designated by the title of demi-gods — is Hercules (Heracles, A

Two colossal serpents with poisonous fangs were therefore despatched by her orders to attack the babe in its cradle. The

nishment of the helpless attendants, little Hercules caught them fast by the neck in each tiny hand and strangled them, th

no’s vengeful nod Climb’d round the cradle of the sleeping God; Waked by the shrilling hiss, and rustling sound, And shrie

another attempt to take his life, but decided to vex his proud spirit by inflicting many petty annoyances, and to prevent

ertain number of years. Hercules’ education was carefully attended to by Chiron, a learned Centaur, who taught him how to

ns, and trained him in all kinds of athletic sports. The years passed by happily and swiftly, until the time came when Her

many attractions. Hercules’ Choice The youthful hero, dismissed by his instructor, now set out to seek his fortunes.

mindful of his tutor’s oft-repeated instructions, rose from his seat by the wayside, and, turning to Arete, declared hims

e hand of Megara, daughter of Creon, King of Thebes, in marriage, and by her had three children, whom he tenderly loved. B

instead of killing noxious beasts, and winning the people’s blessings by his deeds of kindness, he wandered about stupidly

rceived how vain was his attempt to struggle against fate, and, urged by his chosen adviser, Arete, voluntarily offered hi

ded, but entered the forest, tracked the lion to his den, grasped him by the throat, and strangled him as he had strangled

se plan, the monster was finally slain, although a friendly crab sent by Juno to defend Hydra continually pinched Hercules

Hydra. B. Picart. The Stag of Cerynea The third task appointed by Eurystheus was the capture of the golden-horned,

ry mile before he could overtake him; and he only managed the capture by driving him into a deep snowdrift, in a distant n

bour, the capture of the wild boar of Erymanthus in Arcadia. Attacked by the Centaurs during the performance this labour,

Elis, who had immense droves of cattle. The stables usually occupied by these animals were in an incredibly filthy state,

ulated filth, and make a complete purification of the building; Close by these stables rushed a torrent, or rather a river

o Crete to accomplish his sixth task, the capture of a mad bull given by Neptune to Minos, king of the island. The god had

e of apparel. One day Admete heard a traveller describe a girdle worn by Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, and was immediat

e worn by Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, and was immediately seized by the desire to possess the ornament. She imparted

d he seemed to renew his vigour. He therefore resolved to try and win by strategy, and, watching his opportunity, seized A

felt him grow weaker and weaker, now that he was no longer sustained by his mother Earth, from whom he derived all his st

ne the name of Hercules’ Pillars. The twelfth and last task appointed by Eurystheus was the most difficult of all to perfo

o ensure the immortality of her husband. The hero’s heart was touched by the king’s loneliness; and he again braved the te

into bondage; for in a fit of, anger he slew a man, and was condemned by the assembled gods to serve Omphale, Queen of Lyd

great deeds were now required of Hercules, whose strength was derided by his new mistress, and who, governing him easily b

rength was derided by his new mistress, and who, governing him easily by his admiration for her, made him submit to occupa

s him aside. The hero, skilfully avoiding his first onset, seized him by one of his great thick-set horns, and held it so

transport Deianeira across. While he was thus considering, a Centaur by the name of Nessus came to his assistance, and pr

slightly stained with the blood which gushed from the wound inflicted by the poisoned arrow, — and keep it carefully, for

hoped she would never be called upon to make use of it. Years passed by . Hercules often left Deianeira to deliver the opp

weet face rekindled all his former passion. Day after day he lingered by her side, forgetful of duty, Deianeira, and all b

joy, but only to sink more heavily when told that he was accompanied by Iole and a numerous train. Then she remembered th

him, he seized Lichas — the unfortunate bearer of the poisoned robe —  by the foot, and flung him from the heights of Mount

Death of Hercules Then, resolved to end these unendurable torments by a death worthy of his whole life, Hercules called

so Hercules climbed up the mountain side alone, tore up the huge oaks by their roots, flung them one upon the other until

ass. At first Philoctetes also refused to do his bidding; but, bribed by the promise of the world-renowned poisoned arrows

vinity of athletic sports and of strength, was principally worshipped by young men. He is generally represented in art as

ed at Olympia were held in his honour, although originally instituted by him in honour of Jupiter, his father. The Nemean

unfortunate day when an oracle had predicted that he would be killed by his grandson. Until then the king had been very f

lthough safely concealed from the eyes of men, Danae was plainly seen by the everlasting gods; and Jupiter, looking down f

Danae’s heart sank with terror when she felt the cask buffeted about by the great waves far out of sight of land, and out

d coils which round thee play, And mark thy wild, enduring smile, Lit by no mortal fire the while, Formed to attract all e

ly living beings cognisant of the place where Medusa dwelt. Invisible by virtue of his magic helmet, Perseus drew near the

adventurous explorer. The drops which fell into the sea were utilised by Neptune, who created from them the famous winged

called Pegasus. ‘‘And the life drops from thy head On Libyan sands, by Perseus shed, Sprang a scourging race from thee —

the same time, too, he saw the waters below the maiden lashed to foam by the monster’s tail, and the scales of his hideous

scales of his hideous body slowly rising out of the water. Fascinated by this horrible sight, the maiden’s eyes were fixed

from its scabbard, and, swooping down, attacked the monster, cheered by the shouts of the people, who had seen him, and n

shes and become his wife, he changed the importunate king into a rock by showing him his Medusa trophy, gave the kingdom t

dusa trophy, gave the kingdom to the king’s brother, and, accompanied by wife and mother, returned to his native land. The

m the prison where he languished, and restored to his wonted honours, by the very youth he had been taught to fear. Pe

, he accidentally killed his grandfather. To remain at Argos, haunted by the memory of this involuntary crime was too pain

ne, where he fell in love with and married a beautiful young princess by the name of Æthra. For some reason, which mytholo

ll to his wife and infant son, and returned home. As the years passed by , they brought strength, beauty, and wisdom to The

agem, skilfully eluded the danger, and finally caused Sinis to perish by the same cruel death which he had dealt out to so

ow, and the only practicable pathway led along a rocky ledge, guarded by a robber named Sciron, who forced all who tried t

nstead of yielding to Sciron’s exactions, Theseus drew his sword, and by his determined bearing so terrified the robber, t

gave him a faint idea of the sufferings he had inflicted upon others by making him try each bed in turn, and then, to avo

and receive the welcome promised so many years before. Medea, seated by Ægeus’ side, no sooner saw the young stranger dra

tions elicited the fact that the Minotaur was a hideous monster, kept by Minos, King of Crete, in an intricate labyrinth,

rete, in an intricate labyrinth, constructed for that express purpose by Dædalus, the far-famed architect. “There lived a

ghted with this new mode of travel, Icarus flew swiftly along. Little by little he forgot the danger and his father’s caut

ened and melted the wax on his wings; and Icarus, no longer supported by the light feathers, sank down faster and faster,

iled along the coast, searching for the harbour, they were challenged by the brazen giant Talus, who walked daily thrice a

iant Talus, who walked daily thrice around the whole island, killing, by contact with his red-hot body, all who had no bus

nspected each new freight-load, to make sure he was not being cheated by the Athenians. At the monarch’s side stood his fa

when she beheld the frail maidens and gallant youths about to perish by such a loathsome death. Theseus, by right of his

nd gallant youths about to perish by such a loathsome death. Theseus, by right of his birth, claimed the precedence, and p

ic smile, ere he returned unmoved to his interrupted feast. Unnoticed by all, Ariadne slipped out of the palace, and, unde

s.                         “And the slender clue, Prepar’d in secret by th’ enamour’d maid, Thro’ the curv’d labyrinth hi

’s prisoners were about to escape, leaned forward to catch the vessel by its rigging. Theseus, seeing this, sprang forward

itness to the heat of his brazen body. The returning vessel, favoured by wind and tide, made but one port, Naxos; and here

shed. “As from a mountain’s snowy top are driv’n The rolling clouds, by the rude blasts of heav’n So from the mem’ry of l

ath’d in tears, directs his eager sight; O’er the wide sea, distended by the gale, He spies, with dread amaze, the lurid s

d of his father’s death; and when he realised that it had been caused by his carelessness, he was overwhelmed with grief a

heseus was now very happy indeed, and soon all his hopes were crowned by the birth of a son, whom he called Hippolytus. Sh

en, and in the battle which ensued Hippolyte was accidentally wounded by an arrow, and breathed her last in Theseus’ arms.

s unusual beauty, made an attempt to kidnap her, which was frustrated by the Lapithæ, seconded by Theseus and Hercules. Th

attempt to kidnap her, which was frustrated by the Lapithæ, seconded by Theseus and Hercules. The terrible struggle which

esses, who, being immortal, would share their thrones for ever. Aided by Pirithous, Theseus married off Helen, the daughte

heseus and Pirithous, their treacherous intention was soon discovered by Pluto, who set the first on an enchanted rock, fr

d to spend the remainder of his life in peace. Although somewhat aged by this time, Theseus was still anxious to marry, an

ne to punish the youth, who was even then riding in his chariot close by the shore. In answer to this prayer, a great wave

and, in her remorse and despair, hung herself. As for Theseus, soured by these repeated misfortunes, he grew so stern and

dience to a secret order, Lycomedes, the king, treacherously slew him by hurling him from the top of a steep cliff into th

his good wife, Alcimede. Their happiness, however, was soon disturbed by Pelias, the king’s brother, who, aided by an arme

however, was soon disturbed by Pelias, the king’s brother, who, aided by an armed host, took forcible possession of the th

their hiding-place should be discovered and they should all be slain by the cruel Pelias, they entrusted their son to the

n made him the wisest and most skilful of his pupils. The years spent by Jason in the diligent acquisition of knowledge, s

to him the secret of his birth, and the story of the wrongs inflicted by Pelias, the usurper, upon his unfortunate parents

of the season, was almost impassable. Jason, however, quite undaunted by the rushing, foaming waters, was about to attempt

a tall, handsome, imperious-looking woman, whom, owing to the peacock by her side, he immediately recognised as Juno, quee

ing the festive meal, bards sang of all the heroic deeds accomplished by great men; and Pelias, by judicious flattery, sti

s sang of all the heroic deeds accomplished by great men; and Pelias, by judicious flattery, stimulated Jason to attempt s

t of their stepmother, Ino, mounted a winged, golden-fleeced ram sent by Neptune to transport them to Colchis. The ram fle

of joy, and dared him to make the attempt. “With terror struck, lest by young Jason’s hand His crown should be rent from

The Quest of the Golden Fleece When Jason, sobered and refreshed by a long night’s rest, perceived how foolish had be

resolved to depart for Colchis. To secure Juno’s assistance, he began by visiting her shrine at Dodona, where the oracle,

ring spring and draw a pitcher of water to quench the thirst produced by his exertions. The youth promptly departed; but a

lind king of Thrace, he heard that this monarch’s life was embittered by the Harpies, vile monsters, part woman, part bird

s promised to remain. Jason, sailing on in the meantime, was attacked by a flock of brazen-feathered birds, which rained t

its directions, clashed his arms against his shield, until, terrified by the din, the brazen-feathered birds flew rapidly

’s daughter, Medea, a beautiful young sorceress, who had been charmed by his modest but firm bearing, and who was quite re

her earth By their own spears they sank; like pines, or oaks, Strew’d by a whirlwind in the mountain dale.” Apollonius Rh

the mountain dale.” Apollonius Rhodius { Elton’s tr.). Accompanied by Medea, Jason next hastened to the tree where the

ree where the dragon kept guard over his treasure. An opiate prepared by Medea’s magic skill soon made the dragon forget h

s of the night, in linen robe array’d; By Fate to Argo led, and urged by soft desire, Nor yet regarding aught her father’s

father’s entreaties, urged the Argonauts to redoubled efforts. Little by little the distance between the two vessels grew

s body into pieces, which she dropped over the side of the vessel one by one. Æetes, a helpless witness of this cruel, awf

manhood. To gratify Jason, Medea called all her magic into play, and by some mysterious process restored Æson to all his

expedition is emblematic of the first long maritime voyage undertaken by the Greeks for commercial purposes; while the gol

tion to keep it for ever. Meleager, thus saved from an untimely death by his mother’s presence of mind, grew up a brave an

call; but the attention of all the spectators was specially attracted by Castor and Pollux, and by the fair Atalanta, daug

all the spectators was specially attracted by Castor and Pollux, and by the fair Atalanta, daughter of Iasius, King of Ar

y trained her to love the chase. The grand Calydonian Hunt was headed by Meleager and Atalanta, who were very fond of each

of the Calydonian forest to the other the boar fled, closely pursued by the hunt, and was at last brought to bay by Atala

oar fled, closely pursued by the hunt, and was at last brought to bay by Atalanta, who succeeded in dealing him a mortal w

Althæa saw her brothers’ corpses, and heard that they had been slain by her son, she vowed to avenge their death, drew th

d, moreover, that every unsuccessful suitor should pay for his defeat by forfeiting his life. Atalanta’s Race. Sir E.

re exposed on the racing ground to deter all other suitors. Undaunted by these ghastly trophies, Hippomenes, or Milanion,

ks to Venus, for which offence he and his wife were severely punished by being transformed into a pair of lions, and doome

ux, the Dioscuri, or Gemini, who had greatly distinguished themselves by their daring in the Calydonian Hunt, were made th

ts, receiv’d An oracle, which said, it was decreed He should be slain by his own son.” Sophocles ( Francklin’s tr.). To

ly in part; for the servant, instead of killing the child, hung it up by its ankles to a tree in a remote place, and left

nd left it there to perish from hunger and exposure if it were spared by the wild beasts. When he returned, none questione

len ankles, and called the babe Œdipus (swollen-footed). Years passed by . The young prince grew up in total ignorance of t

ce at court, until one day at a banquet one of his companions, heated by drink, began to quarrel with him, and taunted him

). These words, coupled with a few meaning glances hastily exchanged by the guests, excited Œdipus’ suspicions, and made

were revealed to him, had recourse to prevarication, and quieted him by the assurance that he was her beloved son. Someth

should e’er fulfil the dire prediction, Instant I fled from Corinth, by the stars Guiding my hapless journey.” Sophocles

he whole city in an uproar, “because the king had been found lifeless by the roadside, with all his atttendants slain besi

ot connect the murder of such a great personage as the King of Thebes by an unknown band of robbers with the death he had

nswer, or failed to give it correctly, they were mercilessly devoured by the terrible Sphinx, which no one dared attack or

esence. As Œdipus attached no special value to the life made desolate by the oracle’s predictions, he resolved to slay the

and three at night?” Prior. Œdipus was not devoid of intelligence, by any manner of means, and soon concluded that the

a staff. This reply, evidently as correct as unexpected, was received by the Sphinx with a hoarse cry of disappointment an

it turned to fly; but ere it could effect its purpose, it was stayed by Œdipus, who drove it at his sword’s point over th

rophecy. A number of happy and moderately uneventful years now passed by , and Œdipus became the father of two manly sons,

eseeching him to aid them, as he had done once before when threatened by the Sphinx; and Œdipus sent messengers to consult

o murder’d Laius were discover’d, And paid the forfeit of their crime by death, Or banishment.” Sophocles ( Francklin’s t

and on foot, he then left the scene of his awful crimes, accompanied by his daughter Antigone, the only one who loved him

tting crimes. Eteocles and Polynices Antigone, no longer needed by her unhappy father, slowly wended her way back to

t his the claim By justice, nor to me his fame in arms Superior; but, by soft, persuasive arts He won the rebel city to hi

ue to his promise, Adrastus soon equipped a large army, which was led by seven determined and renowned chiefs, ready to ri

flicting armies finally decreed that the difference should be settled by a duel between the inimical brothers, who no soon

they were walled in: Antigone’s sufferings were cut mercifully short by asphyxiation; and, when Hæmon saw she was no more

he vaulted boldly upon his back. Pegasus had never before been ridden by a mortal, and he reared and pranced, and flew up

him. He therefore sent him to fight the Amazons; but the hero, aided by the gods, defeated these warlike women also, and

o, and returned to Lycia, where, after escaping from an ambush posted by the king for his destruction, he again appeared v

ight have settled down in peace; but his head had been utterly turned by the many lofty flights he had taken upon Pegasus’

e many lofty flights he had taken upon Pegasus’ back, and, encouraged by the fulsome flattery of his courtiers, he finally

subject in sculpture and painting, which has frequently been treated by ancient artists, a few of whose most noted works

was provided with some lesser deity, whose special duty was assigned by the powerful gods of Olympus. There were, for ins

referred to linger in the valleys, which were kept green and fruitful by their watchful care, in which task they were ably

ruitful by their watchful care, in which task they were ably seconded by the Dryades, the nymphs of vegetation. The very t

Homer. The Story of Dryope A sweet and touching story was told by the ancients of a mortal who was changed into a H

y day Dryope carried the child along the banks of a little lake close by the palace, where bloomed a profusion of gay-colo

( Pope’s tr.). One day, while wandering there as usual, accompanied by her sister, she saw a lotus blossom, and pointed

k hasty leave of her father, sister, husband, and son, who, attracted by her first cry, had rushed to give her all the ass

Then sighed the voice, ‘O Rhœcus! Nevermore Shalt thou behold me or by day or night, Me, who would fain have blessed the

tunately for him she, frightened at his appearance, fled. Exasperated by her persistent avoidance of him, Pan once pursued

ether, and fashioned from them a musical instrument, which was called by the name of the fair nymph.         “Fair, tremb

is the way, laughed the great god Pan          (Laughed while he sate by the river!), ‘The only way since gods began To ma

en, dropping his mouth to a hole in the reed         He blew in power by the river. Sweet, sweet, sweet, O Pan,         P

wer by the river. Sweet, sweet, sweet, O Pan,         Piercing sweet by the river! Blinding sweet, O great god Pan! The s

. Yet half a beast is the great god Pan         To laugh, as he sits by the river, Making a poet out of a man. The true g

ng her favours with lavish generosity. She was principally worshipped by young girls, and the only offerings ever seen on

gods, Glaucus, was once a poor fisherman, who earned his daily bread by selling the fish he caught in his nets. On one oc

f this ocean-bed.’” Keats. Glaucus was worshipped most particularly by the fishermen and boatmen, whose vessels he was s

This omission angered her, and made her determine to have her revenge by troubling the harmony which evidently reigned amo

l the ladies were at first inclined to contend for the prize; but one by one each claimant withdrew except Juno, Minerva,

s cruelly treated, he had not perished, having been found and adopted by a shepherd, who made him follow his own calling.

næus ( Elton’s tr.) The Judgment of Paris Instead of lingering by the fair nymph’s side, Paris wandered off to a lo

as fair as herself in return for the coveted golden apple. Won either by her superior attractions or by her alluring bribe

r the coveted golden apple. Won either by her superior attractions or by her alluring bribe, Paris no longer hesitated, bu

princess was noted for her beauty, and it is said had even been wooed by Apollo, who, hoping to win her favour, bestowed u

d; and, as he could not take back the power conferred, he annulled it by making her hearers refuse to credit her words. Ca

s abode in their palace, and promised to atone for their past neglect by granting his every wish. Still advised by Venus,

tone for their past neglect by granting his every wish. Still advised by Venus, Paris soon expressed a desire to sail for

they all would aid; If any dar’d to seize and bear her off, And drive by force her husband from her bed, All would unite i

Sparta, in Lacedæmonia, Paris was received with graceful hospitality by Menelaus and Helen. He had not sojourned there ma

of entertaining his princely guest. During his absence, Paris, urged by Venus, courted Helen so successfully that she fin

rried her cousin, Penelope, and had now no dearer wish than to linger by her side and admire his infant son, Telemachus. I

s not so easily duped, and cleverly determined to ascertain the truth by stratagem. One day, therefore, when the king was

she plunged him wholly into the tide with the exception of one heel, by which she held him, and then returned home. Some

ed, returned to his father’s court to gladden his fond mother’s heart by his presence. Thetis’ joy was all turned to grief

through the assumed disguise, explained his presence and purpose, and by his eloquence persuaded the young Achilles to acc

hods were tried; but as they all proved ineffective, Agamemnon, urged by his companions, sent for his daughter, feigning t

ilaus, a brave chief, seeing his comrades’ irresolution, and animated by a spirit of self-sacrifice, sprang boldly ashore,

a spirit of self-sacrifice, sprang boldly ashore, and perished, slain by the enemy, as soon as his foot had touched the fo

hryseis and Briseis Among a number of captives taken in a skirmish by the Hellenic troops were two beautiful maidens, C

nheeded, and he was dismissed with many heartless taunts. Exasperated by this cruel treatment, he raised his hands to heav

to heaven, and implored Apollo to avenge the insults he had received by sending down upon the Greeks all manner of evil.

ks all manner of evil. This prayer was no sooner heard than answered, by the sun god’s sending a terrible plague to decima

his captive, and thus disarmed Apollo’s wrath, which had been kindled by his rude refusal to comply with the aged priest’s

mpts as long as her son’s wrath remained unappeased. Jupiter, touched by her beauty and distress, frowned until the very f

s, “To give Achilles honour and to cause Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet.” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). Helen

& Co., Ltd. In consequence of a treacherous dream purposely sent by Jupiter to delude him, Agamemnon again assembled

ard, proposed that the prolonged quarrel should be definitely settled by a single combat between Paris and Menelaus.     

‘Hearken, ye Trojans and ye nobly-armed Achaians, to what Paris says by me. He bids the Trojans and the Greeks lay down T

rably, Menelaus and Paris soon engaged in a duel, which was witnessed by both armies, by Helen and Priam from the Trojan w

and Paris soon engaged in a duel, which was witnessed by both armies, by Helen and Priam from the Trojan walls, and by the

tnessed by both armies, by Helen and Priam from the Trojan walls, and by the everlasting gods from the wooded heights of M

battlefield, and bore him unseen to his chamber, where he was joined by Helen, who bitterly reproached him for his coward

renewal of hostilities. Countless deeds of valour were now performed by the heroes on both sides, and also by the gods, w

ds of valour were now performed by the heroes on both sides, and also by the gods, who mingled in the ranks and even fough

ngled in the ranks and even fought against each other, until recalled by Jupiter, and forbidden to fight any more. For a l

y, bade his mother go to the temple with all her women, and endeavour by her prayers and gifts to propitiate Minerva and o

n Jupiter was about to redeem the promise given to Thetis, for little by little the Greeks were forced to yield before the

were forced to yield before the might of the Trojans, who, stimulated by their partial success, and fired by Hector’s exam

t of the Trojans, who, stimulated by their partial success, and fired by Hector’s example, performed miracles of valour, a

dogged the very footsteps of the Greek forces, who were driven, inch by inch, away from the walls, ever nearer the place

ged for the assistance of Achilles, whose mere presence, in days gone by , had filled the Trojan hearts with terror; but th

ll he loved Clamour and combat.” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). Discouraged by all these reverses, in spite of their brave resis

d beat a hasty and ignominious retreat to the shore, closely followed by the enemy, who uttered loud cries of triumph. Pat

piter and Europa — whose remains were borne away from the battlefield by the twin divinities Sleep and Death — ere Hector,

tle, and fought with equal valour, until Patroclus, already exhausted by his previous efforts, and betrayed by the gods, f

il Patroclus, already exhausted by his previous efforts, and betrayed by the gods, finally succumbed.                    

oncern myself In men’s affairs, save this: that Hector first, Pierced by my spear, shall yield his life, and pay The debt

e Armour of Achilles Then, in sudden dread lest Hector should fall by another’s hand, or withdraw from the battlefield

ds that he should fall; and now receive This sumptuous armour, forged by Vulcan’s hand, Beautiful, such as no man ever wor

. The Death of Hector Thus armed, mounted in his chariot drawn by his favourite steeds, and driven by his favourite

med, mounted in his chariot drawn by his favourite steeds, and driven by his favourite charioteer Automedon, Achilles went

change. Achilles, no longer able to refuse this entreaty, and touched by a father’s tears, consigned Hector’s corpse to th

e truce the hostilities were renewed, and the Trojans were reinforced by the arrival of Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons,

queen afforded them, however, only temporary relief, as she was slain by Achilles in their very first encounter. He, too,

ght sight of Polyxena, daughter of Priam, and had been deeply smitten by her girlish charms. He now vainly tried to make p

ounded heel.” O. W. Holmes. His armour — the glorious armour forged by Vulcan — was hotly contested for by Ulysses and A

mour — the glorious armour forged by Vulcan — was hotly contested for by Ulysses and Ajax. The former finally obtained the

rms of Hecuba and offered up as a sacrifice upon the tomb of Achilles by his son Pyrrhus. Philoctetes The oracles, s

till found him. The wound had not healed, but he had managed to exist by killing such game as came within reach of his han

und, and mitigate its rage.” Sophocles ( Francklin’s tr.). Incensed by the Greeks’ former cruel desertion, no entreaty c

ver be wounded. He therefore sent for Œnone; but she, justly offended by the base desertion and long neglect of her lover,

t when she gain’d the broader vale and saw The ring of faces redden’d by the flames Infolding that dark body which had lai

further delay, now joyfully hailed Ulysses’ proposal to take the city by stratagem. They therefore secretly built a coloss

d down to the shore to offer sacrifice to the gods. As he stood there by the improvised altar, with one of his sons on eit

Virgil ( Conington’s tr.). Laocoön. Vatican. From a photograph by D. Anderson. The awestruck witnesses of this terr

o the site of their ten-years’ encampment, and were let into the city by Sinon, who also released their companions from th

companions from their prison within the wooden horse. Although taken by surprise, the city guards made desperate attempts

ble melancholy years, Crept onward till the midnight terror came, And by the glare of burning streets I saw Palace and tem

s hands, perished in the waves, or found death lying in wait for them by their own fireside. Menelaus, with his wife Helen

d ten years, retained all her youthful beauty, were detained in Egypt by contrary winds, sent to punish them for omitting

emnon, leader of the Greeks, he returned to Argos only to be murdered by his wife Clytæmnestra and her paramour Ægisthus.

n, terrified at what he had done, took flight, but only to be pursued by the Furies and Nemesis, goddess of revenge, sent

nly to be pursued by the Furies and Nemesis, goddess of revenge, sent by the gods to punish him for taking justice into hi

Tauris back to Greece. The young prince hastened thither, accompanied by the ever-faithful Pylades, who never left his sid

eir return from Troy, were, as we have seen, all more or less visited by the wrath of the gods; but none of them endured a

g ten long years he roamed the seas, driven away from his native land by adverse winds, sailing about from place to place,

Troy in ruins, Ulysses embarked with his men and spoils, and, favored by a good wind, soon came within sight of Ismarus, t

upon them unawares, and put many to death. The Greeks, although taken by surprise, fought bravely; but it was only when th

dily westward until they came to the Island of Sicily, then inhabited by the Cyclopes, a rude race of one-eyed giants.   

he charming sea nymph Galatea riding in her pearl-shell chariot drawn by bounding dolphins. Her unsurpassed loveliness mad

ses, But with consuming passion. Many a time Would his flocks go home by themselves at eve, Leaving him wasting by the dar

me Would his flocks go home by themselves at eve, Leaving him wasting by the dark seashore, And sunrise would behold him w

unt’s tr.). To induce Galatea to leave the salt sea waves and linger by his side on the white sandy beach, Polyphemus con

ed to death. The stream of blood from his mangled remains was changed by the gods into an exhaustless stream of limpid wat

hou Art quite alone, reflect that none escape Diseases; they are sent by Jove.’” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). Deserted by his

Diseases; they are sent by Jove.’” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). Deserted by his companions, Polyphemus spent the night in ago

t of all. Grievest thou for thy master, who has lost His eye, put out by a deceitful wretch And his vile crew r’” Homer (

on thee. Cruel one! who didst not fear To eat the strangers sheltered by thy roof, Jove and the other gods avenge them thu

blue waves. On the ninth evening the shores of Ithaca were discerned by the eager eyes on board, and all made their prepa

n! It may not be That I receive or aid as he departs One who is hated by the blessed gods, — And thou art hated by the god

he departs One who is hated by the blessed gods, — And thou art hated by the gods. Away!” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). Sorrowf

rowfully now the Greeks embarked; but, instead of being hurried along by favourable winds, they were obliged to row agains

When they saw the vessels enter their harbour, they sunk some of them by casting huge rocks at them from their tall cliffs

The Greeks went on again until they came to Ææa, an island inhabited by the golden-haired enchantress Circe, sister of Æe

a. Here Ulysses’ crew was divided into two parties, one of which, led by Eurylochus, set out to explore the island, while

by Eurylochus, set out to explore the island, while the other, headed by Ulysses, remained to guard the ships. Through a d

lace, and entering the banqueting-room, he accepted the cup proffered by his charming hostess; but Circe’s mixture was ren

by his charming hostess; but Circe’s mixture was rendered ineffective by the power of the herb, and, when she waved her wa

th all his demands; and in a few moments Ulysses was again surrounded by his companions, who were exceedingly grateful for

land, which lay on the confines of Pluto’s dark realm, was inhabited by shadows, the spirits of the dead, condemned to so

is sword. The trench finished, he killed two black victims, furnished by Circe, and made their blood flow into the trench.

wers, a youth who had fallen asleep on one of the palace turrets, and by an inadvertent movement had fallen to the ground,

und dead. The Sirens These obsequies over, the Greeks, favoured by a fresh wind, left Circe’s isle, and sailed along

ch.                         “No mariner can boast That he has passed by Scylla with a crew Unharmed; she snatches from th

them that Tiresias, the blind seer, had warned them to avoid it, lest by slaying any of the sacred animals they should inc

all went ashore. After they had duly rested, they were still detained by unfavourable winds, until all their provisions we

anaged to secure no longer sufficed to still the pangs of hunger. Led by Eurylochus, some of the men, during one of Ulysse

etia had hastened to her father to apprise him of the crime committed by Ulysses’ men. In anger Apollo appeared before the

sea!” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). This promise he immediately fulfilled by drowning all excepting Ulysses, who alone had not

r ( Bryant’s tr.). The Return of Ulysses Disguised as a beggar by Minerva’s kindly care, Ulysses sought the lowly d

and displeased with the suitors’ conduct, and guided and accompanied by his tutor Mentor, had set out in search of the fa

eyed, and landed near Eumæus’ hut, escaping a clever ambuscade posted by the suitors at the entrance of the port. Minerva

                            “Three full years She practised thus, and by the fraud deceived The Grecian youths.” Homer (

itors all vainly strove to bend the mighty bow, which was then seized by the disguised Ulysses, while the youths laughed a

all this bloodshed, slept in her room, until she was gently awakened by Euryclea with the announcement of the return of h

only after Ulysses had given her an infallible proof of his identity, by telling her a secret which was shared by her alon

lible proof of his identity, by telling her a secret which was shared by her alone, that she received him. Ulysses’ Las

at which we are, we are; One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to s

ntry’s claims: Country and king, alas! are names: Could Troy be saved by hands of men, This hand had saved her then, e’en

you yet shall build.’” Virgil ( Conington’s tr.). Awakened at last by the ever-increasing tumult without, Æneas seized

ng tumult without, Æneas seized his arms and hastened forth, attended by many of his fellow citizens, to ascertain the cau

enly Polites, their son, rushed into their presence, closely followed by Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, who thr

ing as he passed His Troy in flames, his royal tower Laid low in dust by hostile power, Who once o’er land and peoples pro

palace, which was now stripped of its rarest treasures and desecrated by the feet of the enemy. There, in one of the aband

ety shall be ours. My son shall journey at my side, My wife her steps by mine shall guide, At distance safe.’” Virgil ( C

us, sent to Thrace to conceal some treasures, had been murdered there by an avaricious king, and this grove of trees had s

progenitor, was reported to have come from thence. “There is a land, by Greece of old Surnamed Hesperia, rich its mould,

s were once more afloat, and forced to battle with fierce storms sent by Juno to hinder their advance. Exhausted, they lan

the Strophades Islands, where they proposed to recruit their strength by a hearty meal; but no sooner was their table spre

er was their table spread, than the meats were devoured and destroyed by the loathsome Harpies. A terrible prophecy uttere

d and destroyed by the loathsome Harpies. A terrible prophecy uttered by Celæno, one of these monsters — half woman and ha

dly cautions to beware of the Cyclopes and avoid Charybdis and Scylla by circumnavigating the whole island of Sicily.

Photographic Co., 133 New Bond St., W. This advice was duly followed by Æneas, who, while rounding one of the promontorie

now came down to the shore, and was regarded with unconcealed horror by the Trojans, who rowed away in haste. Soon after,

, and bade him let loose his fiercest children, and scatter the fleet by a terrible storm. “‘O Æolus! since the Sire of a

l him, not to him but me The imperial trident of the sea         Fell by the lot’s award.’” Virgil ( Conington’s tr.). T

gton’s tr.). The Trojans, grateful for his timely aid, and reassured by the calm which now reigned supreme, steered for t

hæus, King of Tyre, the possessor of untold riches, had been murdered by Pygmalion, his brother-in-law; but the queen was

as kept in complete ignorance of this crime, until visited in a dream by the shade of Sychæus, which bade her fly with his

nt she alone knew. Dido obeyed the ghost’s commands, and, accompanied by a number of faithful subjects, landed on the Liby

had enveloped them both in mist. Their attention was first attracted by the festive appearance of the people assembled to

acted by the festive appearance of the people assembled together, and by the beauty of the queen, who was giving audience

her guests to the banquet-hall, where they recounted their adventures by land and sea, while partaking of the viands and w

taking of the viands and wines set before them. At this feast, Cupid, by Venus’ request, assumed the face and form of lulu

fter day now passed in revelry and pleasure, and still Æneas lingered by Dido’s side, forgetful of the new kingdom he was

ng, and archery matches, the women gathered together, and, instigated by Juno, began to bewail the hard lot which compelle

me!’” Virgil ( Conington’s tr.). This prayer was instantly answered by a sudden severe shower, which quenched the devour

inted out to Æneas, foretelling their future achievements, and called by name Romulus, Brutus, Camillus, the Gracchi, Cæsa

adly have received him for a son-in-law, had he not twice been warned by the gods to reserve his daughter for a foreign pr

lvia, daughter of the chief shepherd, a brawl ensued, which, fomented by Alecto, soon developed into a bloody war. Hostili

y of Camilla When but a babe in arms, Camilla had been carried off by her father, as he fled before the Volscian troops

et, —  a suggestion which Turnus joyfully obeyed. The Trojans, headed by young lulus, Æneas’ son, defended themselves with

lend assistance to Turnus. Next some of the Trojan vessels were fired by the enemy; but, instead of being consumed by the

rojan vessels were fired by the enemy; but, instead of being consumed by the flames, they were changed into water nymphs b

of being consumed by the flames, they were changed into water nymphs by the intervention of the gods, and, sailing down t

t it to her son, who donned it with visible pleasure, and, encouraged by his mother’s words, prepared to meet the Latins a

re accomplished on both sides, until finally young Pallas fell, slain by Turnus. When aware of the death of this promising

and he then and there registered a solemn vow to avenge Pallas’ death by slaying Turnus, and immediately hastened forth to

ard the river, and took refuge on one of the vessels, closely pursued by him. No sooner did she see the Rutulian chief saf

us, two allies of Latinus, who had specially distinguished themselves by their great valour. The dead and dying covered th

h, in the very midst of the fray, Æneas suddenly felt himself wounded by an arrow sent by some mysterious hand. He hastene

dst of the fray, Æneas suddenly felt himself wounded by an arrow sent by some mysterious hand. He hastened to seek the aid

way back, and was now driving about in his chariot, jealously guarded by his sister Juturna, who, the better to watch over

y as physical allegories — a system, subsequently carried to extremes by many heathen philosophers in the vain hope of eva

nd Bacon an exponent of the latter. Euhemerus’ method was exaggerated by his disciples, who declared Zeus was merely a kin

arlemagne. During the seventeenth century, some philosophers, incited by “the resemblance between Biblical narrative and a

on earth, the myths may have spread from a single centre, and either by migration, or by slave or wife stealing, or by ot

ths may have spread from a single centre, and either by migration, or by slave or wife stealing, or by other natural or ac

gle centre, and either by migration, or by slave or wife stealing, or by other natural or accidental methods, may have “wa

es lies in language; and the original names of the gods, “ascertained by comparative philology, will be found, as a rule,

who spoke it were familiar with bridges, which they evidently called by some name phonetically the same. Further to prove

Aryan, and Semitic forms of speech. This Rhematic period was followed by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, when, little by

period was followed by the Nomadic or Agglutinative age, when, little by little, the languages “received once for all that

rst traces of literature,” he places “a period represented everywhere by the same characteristic features, called the Myth

ate objects his own sentiments and passions, fancying them influenced by the same things, in the same way. This tendency t

e to disentangle them and trace them back to their original meanings, by comparing their descent through the ages to the c

ent myths to explain the same phenomenon can readily be accounted for by the old saying, “Circumstances alter cases.” Thus

imes the name was applied to the one God, and was therefore “retained by the Greeks and all other kindred people to expres

anifold changes which at first merely denoted the varying atmosphere, by being personified, gradually gave the impression

ce, but kept constant watch over the moon (Io) — confided to his care by the heavenly light (Juno) — until at last their b

y the heavenly light (Juno) — until at last their beams were quenched by the wind and rain (Mercury). Sun and Dawn Myth

“she who shines from afar”), carried away from her eastern birthplace by the sky (Jupiter), closely pursued by the sun (he

way from her eastern birthplace by the sky (Jupiter), closely pursued by the sun (her brother Cadmus), who, after passing

s, for instance, when he serves Admetus and Laomedon; and the cattle, by which he evidently sets such store, are the fleec

rop down rain and fatness upon the land, which are stolen away either by the wind (Mercury), or the storm demon (Cacus), o

emerity with their lives. The sun’s affinity for the dawn is depicted by his love for Coronis, who, however beloved, falls

ew’ lingers longest).” This interpretation has been further confirmed by philological researches, which prove that the nam

cross the sky,” is, of course, a personification of that light, slain by “the serpent of darkness at twilight.” Orphe

e sun is given us. We are told that the venturesome young charioteer, by usurping his father’s place, causes incalculable

lar steeds (the fleecy white clouds), is hurled from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of Jupiter. “

te clouds), is hurled from his exalted seat by a thunderbolt launched by the hand of Jupiter. “This story arose from phra

iter. “This story arose from phrases with spoke of drought as caused by the chariot of Helios, when driven by some one wh

with spoke of drought as caused by the chariot of Helios, when driven by some one who knew not how to guide his horses; an

one who knew not how to guide his horses; and the smiting of Phaeton by the bolt of Zeus is the ending of the time of dro

g of Phaeton by the bolt of Zeus is the ending of the time of drought by a sudden storm of thunder.” The story of Diana a

any conscious effort, that Endymion must have been a young lad loved by a young maiden, Selene. In the story of Adonis so

find another sun myth, in which Adonis, the short-lived sun, is slain by the boar, the demon of darkness, and passionately

is slain by the boar, the demon of darkness, and passionately mourned by the dawn or twilight (Venus), who utterly refuses

hirling wheel of fire is the bright orb of day, to which he was bound by order of Jupiter (the sky) because he dared insul

daughter of Acrisius (darkness), is born in Argos (brightness). Loved by Jupiter, the all-embracing sky, she gives birth t

s beauty, but doomed to die when the sun rises.” He accomplishes this by means of his irresistible sword, the piercing ray

s “the destroyer,” revisits his native land, and fulfils the prophecy by slaying Acrisius (the darkness), whence he origin

the beautiful dawn he loved in his youth. He ends his eventful career by being hurled headlong from a cliff into the sea, 

air, or personifications of the clouds), carried off to the far east by the ram — whose golden fleece was but an emblem o

uest of the golden fleece (the rays of the sun), which Jason recovers by the aid of Medea (the dawn), after slaying the dr

his children, the dawn and light (?), after they have been borne away by the all-conquering sun. Glauce (the broad dayligh

t charms Jason; and the poisoned robe which causes her death is woven by Medea, now the evening twilight, who mounts her d

ves, but parts from, Atalanta (the dawn maiden), and is finally slain by his own mother, who casts into the flames the bra

e violet-tinted clouds of dawn), becomes the father of Œdipus, doomed by fate to be the murderer of his father. Early in l

oned the rain in the clouds, and thus caused great distress. Urged on by unrelenting fate, he marries his own mother, Joca

nd rolls of thunder, after being accompanied to the end of his course by Antigone ( “the pale light which springs up oppos

ander about in search of shelter. We find this hero, although enticed by Anteia (the dawn), virtuously hastening away, the

d to Philonoe, a personification of the twilight, and ends his career by being hurled from the zenith into utter darkness

d ends his career by being hurled from the zenith into utter darkness by one of Jupiter’s deadly thunderbolts. “The fall

eis, various impersonations of the dawn, and forsake, or are forsaken by , their lady-loves, whom they meet again at the en

he vanishes in the far west; Agamemnon rejoins Clytæmnestra, and dies by her hand in a bloody bath; while Achilles, after

from the same root as “Leto,” “Latmus,” and “Laius”), is carried away by Paris, whom some mythologists identify with the H

n interpreted to signify “a repetition of the daily siege of the east by the solar powers, that every evening are robbed o

cannot turn aside from the course marked out for him. He is detained by Circe (the moon), who weaves airy tissues, and by

him. He is detained by Circe (the moon), who weaves airy tissues, and by Calypso (the nymph of darkness); but neither can

na), whose loss she grievously mourned; for she had been carried away by Pluto to the underworld, whence she could only em

ey said that the beautiful child had been stolen away from her mother by dark beings, who kept her imprisoned beneath the

of winter.” Danae, as a personification of the earth, was quickened by the golden shower, the light of the morning, whic

eece, and he is said to ride about his realm in a swift chariot drawn by golden or white-maned steeds. Nereus, another per

many children, the mists, are fully as beautiful as Apollo and Diana, by whose bright darts they are ruthlessly slain. Nio

sonification of winter, and her tears represented the thaw occasioned by the sunbeams (Apollo’s arrows). Fire Myths

ey forge the terrible thunderbolts, the weapons of the sky (Jupiter), by means of which he is enabled to triumph over all

ce come the Latin ignis and the English verb to ignite. Vulcan dwells by preference in the heart of volcanoes, where the i

ng in din and in the noise of warfare. His nature is further revealed by his inconstancy and capriciousness; and whenever

hearts of men and gods with terror, until they saw them finally slain by the unfailing arrows of the sun. Pan, Æolus, his

nd of the underworld have sufficiently been dwelt upon as personified by Python, the Hydra, Geryones, the Gorgons, Grææ, M

and index A Ab-syr′tus. Son of King Æetes of Colchis; slain by Medea, 238 A-by′dus. A city of Asia Minor; the h

s god, 202 Ach-e-men′i-des. Ulysses’ sailor, rescued from Polyphemus by Æneas, 327 Ach′e-ron. 1. River in Hades, 138; Ul

21; father of Pyrrhus, 323; significance, 358, 359 A′cis. Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, 304, 305 A-cri

323; significance, 358, 359 A′cis. Youth loved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphemus, 304, 305 A-cris′i-us. King of Argos,

arthenon and Theseus’ temple, 229 Ac-tæ′on. Hunter changed to a stag by Diana, 79-81 Ad-me′te. Daughter of Eurystheus; c

; covets Hippolyte’s girdle, 194 Ad-me′tus. King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by Alcestis, 47, 48;

Ad-me′tus. King of Thessaly, served by Apollo, and saved from death by Alcestis, 47, 48; Hercules restores Alcestis to,

4; in Calydonian Hunt, 241; significance, 350 A-do′nis. Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, 86-88; significance, 1

nt, 241; significance, 350 A-do′nis. Hunter loved by Venus and slain by a boar, 86-88; significance, 168, 352 A-dras′tus

f the three judges of the dead in Hades, 139 Æ-æ ′a. Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, 310-313 Æ-e′tes. Ki

the dead in Hades, 139 Æ-æ ′a. Island inhabited by Circe and visited by Ulysses, 310-313 Æ-e′tes. King of Colchis, father

310; significance, 356 Æ-ge′an Sea. Delos chained in, 45; Arion borne by dolphins in, 63, 64; named after Ægeus 226 Æ-ge′u

11; bears Medusa’s head, 216 Æ-gis′thus. Murderer of Agamemnon; slain by Orestes, 299 Æg′le. One of the Heliades; changed

Anchises, 88; Æneas’ descendants, 118; worship introduced into Italy by , 171; hero of Virgil’s Æneid, 322-339 Æ-ne′as Sil

n of, 295; significance, 350 Æ′son. Father of Jason, 230; rejuvenated by Medea, 239 Æ′ther. God of light, 3; dethroned, 6

323; significance, 358, 359 A-ga′ve. Mother of Pentheus; infuriated by Bacchus, slays her son, 157 A-ge′nor. Father of

136 A′jax. Greek hero in Trojan War, 278; Patroclus’ corpse recovered by , 291; insanity of, 294. Al′ba Lon′ga. City in It

vered by, 291; insanity of, 294. Al′ba Lon′ga. City in Italy founded by Æneas Silvia, 339 Al-ces′tis. Wife of Admetus: d

Al-ces′tis. Wife of Admetus: dies to save his life, 47, 48 restored by Hercules, 200 Al-ci′des. Same as Hercules, 188;

Ulysses to reach Ithaca 317 Al-cip′pe. Daughter of Mars carried off by Halirrhothius 117 Alc-me′ne. Wife of Jupiter, an

es, 17, 188; significance, 353 A-lec′to. One of the Furies 139; sent by Juno to kindle war between Æneas and the Latins,

Metabus flung Camilla, 335 A-ma′ta. Wife of Latinus, 333; driven mad by Alecto, 334; suicide of, 338. Am′a-zons. Nation

phon visits, 259; Queen of the, 293 Am-bro′si-a. Celestial food used by the gods, 27; gods deprived of, 66 Am′mon. Templ

es. Husband of Venus, 88; father of Æneas, 322-324; prophecy recalled by , 326; death of, 327; death anniversary, of, 331;

of, 331; Æneas’ visit to, 332-333 An-c i′le. Shield of Mars, guarded by the Salii in Rome, 120 An-dræ′mon. Husband of Dr

ivity of, 327 An-drom′e-da; Daughter of Celeus and Cassiopeia; saved by Perseus, 214-217; significance, 355 An-tæ′us. Gi

ance, 355 An-tæ′us. Giant son of Gæa; defender of the Pygmies; slain by Hercules, 198, 199 An-te′i-a. Wife of Prœtus; ac

254; significance, 357 An-tin′o-us. One of Penelope’s suitors; slain by Ulysses, 320 An-ti′o-pe. Wife of Jupiter; mother

An-ti′o-pe. Wife of Jupiter; mother of Amphion and Zethus; persecuted by Dirce, 62 A-pha′re-us. Father of Castor’s murder

ic, poetry, and medicine, 39; Diana’s brother, 73; Niobe’s sons slain by , 74; and Orion, 79; Mars and Venus seen by, 84, 8

er, 73; Niobe’s sons slain by, 74; and Orion, 79; Mars and Venus seen by , 84, 85; Mercury steals cattle of and 109, 110; g

seen by, 84, 85; Mercury steals cattle of and 109, 110; giants slain by , 117; walls built by, 127; disputes with Neptune,

cury steals cattle of and 109, 110; giants slain by, 117; walls built by , 127; disputes with Neptune, 128; Marpessa claime

17; walls built by, 127; disputes with Neptune, 128; Marpessa claimed by , 131; Vesta loved by, 171; Janus, son of, 176; or

27; disputes with Neptune, 128; Marpessa claimed by, 131; Vesta loved by , 171; Janus, son of, 176; oracles of, 246, 247; s

us, son of, 176; oracles of, 246, 247; steed of, 258; Cassandra loved by , 275; Chryses appeals to, 282, 284; Ulysses incur

es’ faithful hound, 318 A-ri-ad′ne. Daughter of Minos; Theseus aided by , 223, 224; deserted by Theseus, 155, 225; marries

A-ri-ad′ne. Daughter of Minos; Theseus aided by, 223, 224; deserted by Theseus, 155, 225; marries Bacchus, 155; signific

offspring of Neptune and Ceres, 129. 2. Musician; thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, 63, 64 Ar-is-tæ′us.

ne and Ceres, 129. 2. Musician; thrown into the sea by pirates, saved by a dolphin, 63, 64 Ar-is-tæ′us. Youth who indirec

ing of Thebes; father of Phryxus and Helle, 232; Ino in madness slain by , 150; significance, 356 A-the′ne. Same as Minerv

of Iapetus’ sons, 14; daughters of, 78; brother of Prometheus visited by Hercules, 197-199; heavens supported by, 198, 199

brother of Prometheus visited by Hercules, 197-199; heavens supported by , 198, 199; Perseus petrifies, 213, 214; significa

23; shores of, 226 Au-ge′as. King of Elis; his stables were cleansed by Hercules, 193 Au′lis. Port in Bœotia, the meetin

of dawn; attendant of Apollo, 66, 85; jealousy of, 52; Tithonus loved by , 70; Æolus’ wife, 184 Aus′ter. South-west wind,

7 Bac-chan′tes. Female followers of Bacchus, 151, 157; Orpheus slain by , 61 Bac′chus. Same as Dionysus, god of wine and

wine and revelry; son of Jupiter and Semele, 150-157; Vulcan visited by , 124; Ariadne rescued by, 155; Pentheus visited b

Jupiter and Semele, 150-157; Vulcan visited by, 124; Ariadne rescued by , 155; Pentheus visited by, 156; tutor of, 265; gi

57; Vulcan visited by, 124; Ariadne rescued by, 155; Pentheus visited by , 156; tutor of, 265; gift from, 272 Bacon. Expon

mpire, 129 Bri-se′is. Captive of Achilles during Trojan war; claimed by Agamemnon, 282-284, 288; significance, 358, 359

p; son of Uranus and Gæa, 7 Bru′tus. Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 333 C Ca′cus. Son of Vu

chises in Hades, 333 C Ca′cus. Son of Vulcan, 125; giant slain by Hercules on Mount Aventine, 196; significance, 35

236; significance, 349, 354, 557 Ca-du′ce-us. Wand given to Mercury by Apollo, 111 Cæ′sar. Unborn soul of Roman hero, se

ven to Mercury by Apollo, 111 Cæ′sar. Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 333 Cal′a-is. Son of Boreas a

during the Trojan War, 280 Cal-li′o-pe. Muse of heroic poetry; loved by Apollo, 69; mother of Orpheus, 58 Cal-lis′to. Ma

loved by Apollo, 69; mother of Orpheus, 58 Cal-lis′to. Maiden loved by Jupiter; changed into a bear by Juno; the Great B

Orpheus, 58 Cal-lis′to. Maiden loved by Jupiter; changed into a bear by Juno; the Great Bear, 36, 37 Cal′y-don. Home of

eleager; site of Calydonian Hunt, 241 Cal-y-do′ni-an Hunt. Organized by Meleager to slay a boar, 241-242 Ca-lyp′so. Nymp

; significance, 360 Ca-mil′la. Volscian maiden; fights, and is slain by , Æneas, 334t 337 I dedicated to Diana, 335 Ca-mi

dedicated to Diana, 335 Ca-mil′lus. Unborn soul of Roman hero, seen by Anchises in Hades, 333 Cam′pus Mar′ti-us. Roman

dedicated to Jupiter in Rome, 34 Car′thage. A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by Æneas, 329 Cas-san′dra. Daughte

iter in Rome, 34 Car′thage. A city in Africa, built by Dido, visited by Æneas, 329 Cas-san′dra. Daughter of Priam; her p

55 Cas′tor. One of the Dioscuri or Gemini, 244, 245; rescue of Helen by , 227; Argonauts joined by, 234; Calydonian Hunt j

oscuri or Gemini, 244, 245; rescue of Helen by, 227; Argonauts joined by , 234; Calydonian Hunt joined by, 241 Cau-ca′si-a

ue of Helen by, 227; Argonauts joined by, 234; Calydonian Hunt joined by , 241 Cau-ca′si-an Mountains. Same as Caucasus; P

1; descendants of, 223 Ce-læ′no. One of the Harpies; frightens Æneas by prophesying harm, 327 Ce′le-us. 1. King of Eleus

ed-handed). Three sons of Uranus and Gæa, 7 Ceph′a-lus. Hunter loved by Procris and Aurora, 52, 53, 71; significance, 351

0, 228; significance, 366 Cer′cy-on. Son of Vulcan, 125; encountered by Theseus, 220 Ce-re-a′li-a. Festivals in honour o

10; Psyche consults, 105; Neptune loves, 129; Pelops’ shoulder eaten by , 143; significance, 361, 362 Cer-y-ne′a. Town of

, 362 Cer-y-ne′a. Town of Achaia, 192 Cer-y-ne′ian Stag. Stag taken by Hercules; one of his labours, 192 Ces′tus. Venus

n. The boatman who ferries the souls over Acheron, 138; Æneas ferried by , 333; significance, 362 Cha-ryb′dis. Whirlpool n

ool near the coast of Sicily, 314, 315, 327 Chi-mæ′ra. Monster slain by Bellerophon, 257-260; significance, 358, 366 Chi

230, 233, 279; death of, 193 Chry-se′is. Daughter of Chryses; taken by Agamemnon, 282-284 Chry′ses. Father of Chryseis;

he Greek camp, 282-284 Ci-co′ni-ans. Inhabitants of Ismarus, visited by Ulysses, 301 Ci-lic′i-a. Province in Asia Minor,

Europa founder of Cilicia, 31, 32 Cim-me′ri-an Shores. Land visited by Ulysses to consult Tiresias, 312 Cir′ce. Sister

41 Clym′e-ne. 1. Wife of Iapetus; an ocean nymph, 14. 2. Nymph loved by Apollo; mother of Phaeton, 64, 65, 68 clyt-æm-ne

her of Phaeton, 64, 65, 68 clyt-æm-nes′tra. Wife of Agamemnon; slain by Orestes, 299; significance, 358, 359 Clyt′i-e. M

nauts depart from, 237; sailors of, 238 Col′chis. Land in Asia ruled by Æetes, where the golden fleece was kept, 232, 233

ellation, also known as Ariadne’s Crown, 156 Co-ro′nis. Maiden loved by Apollo; mother of Æsculapius, 45, 46; significanc

attempting to fly from Troy, 323-325. 2. Same as Glauce; maiden loved by Jason, 239 Cri′us. One of the Titans; son of Ura

Cy-clo′pes. Three children of Uranus and Gæa, 7; thunderbolts forged by , 11, 47, 124; Orion visits the, 79; Vulcan and th

yrinth, 221, 222; the inventor of sails, 185 Dan′a-e. Maiden visited by Jupiter as a golden shower; mother of Perseus, 20

rope; Medea slays Absyrtus near its mouth, 238 Daph′ne. Maiden loved by Apollo, and changed into a laurel tree, 50, 51; s

187 De-i-a-nei′ra. Wife of Hercules, 201-205; causes Hercules’ death by using the Nessus robe, 205, 206; significance, 35

sults oracle at, 247, 248, 251, 255; Orestes at, 300 Del′uge. Caused by Jupiter’s wrath, 23; slime from, 48 De-me′ter. S

ometheus and father of Hellen, 24-26 Di′a. Maiden loved and deserted by Ixion, king of the Lapithæ, 145; significance, 35

birth of, 45; nymphs of, 52, 163; arrows of, 117; Arethusa protected by , 164; Œneus neglects, 241; Iphigenia saved by, 28

117; Arethusa protected by, 164; Œneus neglects, 241; Iphigenia saved by , 280; temple of, 300; Camilla rescued by, 334, 33

glects, 241; Iphigenia saved by, 280; temple of, 300; Camilla rescued by , 334, 335; significance, 352, 360, 363 Di′do. Qu

352, 360, 363 Di′do. Queen of Tyre and Carthage; loved and deserted by Æneas, 329-332; Æneas sees, in Hades, 333 Di-o-m

s Ulysses secure the Palladium, 296. 2. The possessor of horses taken by Hercules, 194 Di-o′ne. I. Name given to Venus, g

us, goddess of beauty, love, laughter, &c, 82. 2. Mother of Venus by Jupiter; goddess of moisture, 30, 82 Di-o-nys′i-

ive name given to Furies, 139 Dir′ce. Wife of Lycus; bound to a bull by Amphion and Zethus, 62, 63 Dis. Same as Pluto, g

nd horn, 180, 181; Mercury, leader of, 115 Drep′a-nu m. Land visited by Æneas, where Anchises died, 327. Dry′a-des. Plan

changed into a tree, 261-264 Dull′ness. Obscure deity put to flight by Minerva, 39 E Earth. Ether and Hemera crea

3; divisions of the, 4; realm of the 14; the mother of all, 25; oath by the, 148; Antæus, son of the, 199; significance,

onour of Ceres and Proserpina, 169 E-leu′sis. City in Greece visited by Ceres during her search for Proserpina, 162, 169

onveyed to, 38; Adonis conveyed to. 88. En-cel′a-dus. Giant defeated by Jupiter; buried under Mt. Etna, 13. En-dym′i-on.

ated by Jupiter; buried under Mt. Etna, 13. En-dym′i-on. Youth loved by Diana, who carries him to a cave on Mt. Latmus, 7

Iapetus, 14; husband of Pandora, 18-21, 24 E-pi′rus. Country visited by Æneas, who meets Andromache there, 327 Er′a-to.

is. Same as Discordia, goddess of discord and strife, 116; apple cast by , 272 Er-i-sich′thon. An unbeliever; punished by

ife, 116; apple cast by, 272 Er-i-sich′thon. An unbeliever; punished by famine, 169 E′ros. Same as Cupid, 85; child of Li

, 3, 90; egg produces, 4; causes man’s creation, 14; man’s life given by , 1 5 Er-y-man′thus. Place where Hercules slew th

slew the wild boar, 192 Er-y-the′a. Island home of Gerones; visited by Hercules, 196 Es′ta. Same as Vesta, goddess of t

e′o-cles. Son of Œdipus and Jocasta, 250; reigns one year, 252; slain by his brother, 253 E-thi-o′pi-a. Country visited b

e year, 252; slain by his brother, 253 E-thi-o′pi-a. Country visited by Bacchus, 151 E-thi-o′pi-ans. Happy race of Afric

i-o′pi-ans. Happy race of Africa, south of the river Oceanus; visited by the gods, 5 Eu-boe′an or Eu-bo′ic Sea. Sea where

′er-us. Exponent of theory of myths, 341 Eu-mæ′us. Swineherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca, 318; Ulysses aid

neherd visited by Ulysses on his return to Ithaca, 318; Ulysses aided by , 320 Eu-men′i-des. Collective name given to Furi

s; recognises him after twenty years’ absence, 318; Penelope awakened by , 320 Eu-ryd′i-ce. Wife of Orpheus, who seeks her

of Ulysses’ men, 310; escaped Circe’s spell, 311; Ulysses’ men misled by , 315 Eu-ryn′o-me. Wife of Jupiter; mother of the

twelve labours, 128, 189-200 Eu′ry-tus. Iole’s father; visited twice by Hercules, 205 Eu-ter′pe. One of the Muses; presi

119 Furies. The Eumenides, or avenging deities, 139; Œdipus punished by , 252; Orestes pursued by, 300 G Gæ′a. Same

s, or avenging deities, 139; Œdipus punished by, 252; Orestes pursued by , 300 G Gæ′a. Same as Tellus and Terra, 3; w

3; wife of Uranus, 3; reign of, 6; conspiracy of, 7; Typhœus created by , 12; Enceladus created by, 13; Antæus, son of, 19

gn of, 6; conspiracy of, 7; Typhœus created by, 12; Enceladus created by , 13; Antæus, son of, 198; Syrinx protected by, 26

, 12; Enceladus created by, 13; Antæus, son of, 198; Syrinx protected by , 266; significance, 361 Gal-a-te′a. 1. Nymph lov

rinx protected by, 266; significance, 361 Gal-a-te′a. 1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, 304. 305. 2. Statue loved by

e′a. 1. Nymph loved by Polyphemus and Acis, 304. 305. 2. Statue loved by Pygmalion, who prays Venus to give it life, 98. 9

Venus to give it life, 98. 99 Gan′y-mede. Trojan prince carried off by Jupiter to act as cup-bearer, 29 Ge. Same as Gæa

ri; Castor and Pollux, 244 Ge-ry′o-nes. Giant whose cattle are taken by Hercules, 196; significance, 366 Glau′ce. Maiden

are taken by Hercules, 196; significance, 366 Glau′ce. Maiden loved by Jason; slain by Medea, 239 significance, 356 Gla

rcules, 196; significance, 366 Glau′ce. Maiden loved by Jason; slain by Medea, 239 significance, 356 Glau′cus. Fisherman

Three sisters — Euryale, Stheno, and Medusa, 210-214; Ægis decorated by head of one of, 41; significance, 366 Grac′chi,

significance, 366 Grac′chi, The. Unborn souls of Roman heroes, seen by Anchises in Hades, 333 Gra′ces. Same as Gratiæ;

or Charities; Venus’ attendants, 83 Great Bear. Constellation formed by Callisto, 37 Gre′ci-an. Mythology, 14; camp, 293

; Agamemnon, chief of, 299; attack Ciconians, 301; Polyphemus visited by , 303-308; Æolian Islands visited by, 308, 310; Ci

iconians, 301; Polyphemus visited by, 303-308; Æolian Islands visited by , 308, 310; Circe visited by, 309; a civilised nat

sited by, 303-308; Æolian Islands visited by, 308, 310; Circe visited by , 309; a civilised nation, 343 Gy′es. One of the

King of Thessaly, 181, 182 Hal-irr-ho′thi-us. Son of Neptune; slain by Mars, 117 Ham-a-dry′a-des. Nymphs who lived and

es, 168 Hec′tor. Son of Priam; leader of Trojan army, 285-291; slain by Achilles, 292; Priam buries, 293; shade of, 322;

-ba. Wife of Priam; mother of Paris and Hector, 273, 275; Hector seen by , 292; captivity of, 323 Hel′en. Daughter of Jupi

23 Hel′en. Daughter of Jupiter and Leda; wife of Menelaus; kidnapped by Paris, 275-277; kidnapped by Theseus, 227; Paris

er and Leda; wife of Menelaus; kidnapped by Paris, 275-277; kidnapped by Theseus, 227; Paris upbraided by, 285; return of,

dnapped by Paris, 275-277; kidnapped by Theseus, 227; Paris upbraided by , 285; return of, 299; Æneas wishes to slay, 323;

as Heracles, god of all athletic games, 188-207; Prometheus delivered by , 16; Hades visited by, 48; Hesione delivered by,

l athletic games, 188-207; Prometheus delivered by, 16; Hades visited by , 48; Hesione delivered by, 128; owner of Arion, 1

Prometheus delivered by, 16; Hades visited by, 48; Hesione delivered by , 128; owner of Arion, 129; Centaurs defeated by,

48; Hesione delivered by, 128; owner of Arion, 129; Centaurs defeated by , 227; Argonautic expedition joined by, 233, 234;

f Arion, 129; Centaurs defeated by, 227; Argonautic expedition joined by , 233, 234; arrows of, 294; apparition of, 295; pi

Same as Harmonia; daughter of Venus and Mars, 85 He′ro. Maiden loved by Leander, who swam the Hellespont to visit her, 89

er, 89-94 He-si′o-ne. Daughter of Laomedon; rescued from sea monster by Hercules, 126-128, 195, 275 Hes-pe′ri-a. Ancient

les, 126-128, 195, 275 Hes-pe′ri-a. Ancient name of Italy, so called by Æneas, 12, 326 Hes-per′i-des. Daughters of Hespe

tendant in Venus’ numerous train, 84 Hip-po-cre′ne. Fountain created by Pegasus, 70, 258 Hip-po-da-mi′a. Wife of Piritho

gasus, 70, 258 Hip-po-da-mi′a. Wife of Pirithous; almost carried off by the Centaurs, 227 Hip-pol′y-te. Queen of the Ama

s’ wife, 226 Hip-pol′y-tus. Son of Theseus and Hippolyte, 226; loved by Phædra, 228 Hip-pom′e-nes. Same as Milanion; lov

up′nos. Same as Somnus, god of sleep, 179 Hy-a-cin′thus. Youth loved by Apollo and Zephyrus; changed to a flower, 49 Hy′

and Zephyrus; changed to a flower, 49 Hy′dra. Monster serpent slain by Hercules in the swamp of Lerna, 191, 192; signifi

er of Æsculapius; watched over health of man, 47 Hy′las. Youth loved by Hercules; stolen by the water nymphs, 234 Hy′men

tched over health of man, 47 Hy′las. Youth loved by Hercules; stolen by the water nymphs, 234 Hy′men. God of marriage; a

he Titans; father of Prometheus, 6, 14, 199 I-a′pis. Leech consulted by Æneas; cures Æneas with Venus’ aid, 338 I-a′si-u

si-us. Same as Iasion; father of Atalanta, 241, 327 Iby′cus. Avenged by the Furies, 140; the murderers of, 141 Ic′a-rus.

ntain in Crete, and near Troy also, 9, 285 I′das. A mortal befriended by Neptune; elopes with Marpessa, 131, 132 Il′i-a.

of Cadmus and Harmonia, 150, 232; significance, 356 I′o. Maiden loved by Jupiter; changed into an heifer, 111-114; signifi

61 I-ob′a-tes. King of Lycia; recipient of the sealed letter carried by Bellerophon, 256-259 I-o-la′us. Friend of Hercul

to slay the Hydra, 192 I-ol′cus. Kingdom of Æson and Jason; usurped by Pelias, 230 I′o-le. Maiden loved by Hercules, 205

ingdom of Æson and Jason; usurped by Pelias, 230 I′o-le. Maiden loved by Hercules, 205, 206; significance, 354, 357 I′on.

he Deluge, 23 Isles of the Blest. Islands west of Oceanus, inhabited by the virtuous dead, 5, 6; Ulysses searches for, 32

, 5, 6; Ulysses searches for, 321 Is′ma-rus. Town in Thrace, spoiled by Ulysses, 301 Is-me′ne. Daughter of Œdipus and Jo

neas’ son; Æneas saves, 323; Cupid assumes form of, 330; stag wounded by 334; brave defence by, 335 Ivory Gate. Gate lead

, 323; Cupid assumes form of, 330; stag wounded by 334; brave defence by , 335 Ivory Gate. Gate leading from cave of Somnu

; significance, 353 J Ja-nic′u-lum. City on the Tiber, founded by Janus, 176 Ja′nus. God of all beginnings, of ent

upiter, 27; birth of 9; omnipotence of, 11; day of, 178; Leda courted by , 276; decree of, 292 Ju′no. Birth of, 10; flight

son of, 116; Vulcan, son of, 122; Tityus insults, 145; love made to, by Ixion, 146; Æolus, servant of, 184; Hercules pers

e made to, by Ixion, 146; Æolus, servant of, 184; Hercules persecuted by , 188-190, 192, 195; Jason carries, 231; Jason aid

les persecuted by, 188-190, 192, 195; Jason carries, 231; Jason aided by , 234, 235; contest of Minerva and Venus with, 272

234, 235; contest of Minerva and Venus with, 272-274; Troy destroyed by , 324; Æneas persecuted by, 327, 328, 331, 334-337

rva and Venus with, 272-274; Troy destroyed by, 324; Æneas persecuted by , 327, 328, 331, 334-337; significance, 348, 353,

, 365 Ju′pi-ter. Birth of, 9, 10; supremacy of, 1 o; giants defeated by 11-14; kingdom divided by, 13; Prometheus punishe

, 9, 10; supremacy of, 1 o; giants defeated by 11-14; kingdom divided by , 13; Prometheus punished by, 16; and Pandora, 17-

giants defeated by 11-14; kingdom divided by, 13; Prometheus punished by , 16; and Pandora, 17-21; Mercury, messenger of, 1

16; and Pandora, 17-21; Mercury, messenger of, 18, 113; Deluge caused by , 23; same as Jove and Zeus, 27-35; Juno courted b

113; Deluge caused by, 23; same as Jove and Zeus, 27-35; Juno courted by , 36; Minerva borne by, 39; Latona courted by, 44;

23; same as Jove and Zeus, 27-35; Juno courted by, 36; Minerva borne by , 39; Latona courted by, 44; Æsculapius slain by,

eus, 27-35; Juno courted by, 36; Minerva borne by, 39; Latona courted by , 44; Æsculapius slain by, 46; and Orpheus, 59; Am

by, 36; Minerva borne by, 39; Latona courted by, 44; Æsculapius slain by , 46; and Orpheus, 59; Amphion, son of, 62; Phaeto

ius slain by, 46; and Orpheus, 59; Amphion, son of, 62; Phaeton slain by , 67; Muses, daughters of, 68; allows Diana to rem

; Venus borrows thunderbolts of, 88; Mercury, son of, 109; Io courted by , m-114; Mars, son of, 116; Vulcan, son of, 122; t

n of, 116; Vulcan, son of, 122; thunderbolts of, 124,; Neptune exiled by , 127; approves Marpessa’s choice, 132 Semele cour

eptune exiled by, 127; approves Marpessa’s choice, 132 Semele courted by , 147-150; Ceres, wife of, 158; Proserpina condemn

Semele courted by, 147-150; Ceres, wife of, 158; Proserpina condemned by , 167; Hercules, son of, 16, 188, 189; games in ho

s, son of, 16, 188, 189; games in honour of, 200, 207; Hercules saved by , 207; Danae courted by, 208, 209; Helen, daughter

; games in honour of, 200, 207; Hercules saved by, 207; Danae courted by , 208, 209; Helen, daughter of, 227, 276; Bellerop

rted by, 208, 209; Helen, daughter of, 227, 276; Bellerophon punished by , 259; Thetis loved by, 271, 272; Thetis seeks, 28

en, daughter of, 227, 276; Bellerophon punished by, 259; Thetis loved by , 271, 272; Thetis seeks, 284; interference of, 28

erence of, 284, 286, 324, 336; Sarpedon, son of, 289; Apollo appeased by , 316; significance, 344, 347, 348. 349. 352. 353.

lead Hercules, 189 L Lab′y-rinth. A maze in Crete, constructed by Dædalus for the Minotaur, 221, 222 Lac-e-dæ-mo′n

Penelope weaves his shroud, 319 Læs-try-go′ni-ans. Cannibals visited by Ulysses, 309 La′i us. Father of Œdipus, 246; sla

nibals visited by Ulysses, 309 La′i us. Father of Œdipus, 246; slain by him, 248; significance, 356-359 Lam-pe′tia. One

e cattle of the sun, 315 La-oc′o-on. Trojan priest; crushed to death by two serpents, 297, 298 La-od-a-mi′a. Wife of Pro

′res. Two tutelary divinities of ancient Roman households, 174; saved by Anchises, 324 Lat′in. Names of days in 178 Lat′

337; Æneas makes peace with, 338 La′ti-um. Province of Italy, ruled by Latinus, 335; Æneas comes to, 333 Lat′mus. Mount

na, 44, 45, 129; boast of, 72; significance, 360 Lau′sus. Hero slain by Æneas during wars against the Rutules, 337 La-vi

swam the Hellespont, 89-94 Le-ar′chus. Son of Athamas and Ino; slain by his father, 150 Le′da. Mother of Castor and Poll

stra, 276; significance, 359 Le′laps. The tireless hunting dog given by Procris to Cephalus, 52 Lem′nos. Island in the G

′the-a. Same as Ino, Athamas’ wife; sea goddess, 151; Ulysses rescued by , 317 Li′ber. Same as Bacchus, god of wine and re

hich Æneas landed, 34. 329 Li′chas. Bearer of the Nessus robe; slain by Hercules, 205, 206 Light, Same as Æther, 3 Lip′

-eaters, 302 Love. Same as Eros, Cupid, &c, 3, 4; Psyche courted by , 99-106 Loves. Attendants of Venus, 125 Lower W

of, 14; Adonis leaves, 88; Pluto conveys Proserpina to, 160; visited by Æneas, 333 Lu′næ. Same as Diana, 178 Lyc′i-a. L

visited by Æneas, 333 Lu′næ. Same as Diana, 178 Lyc′i-a. Land ruled by Iobates, who sends Bellerophon to slay the Chimer

shelters Achilles, 279, 280 Ly′cus. Antiope’s second husband; slain by Amphion and Zethus, 62, 63 Lyd′i-a. Kingdom of M

o spared his life, 143 Lyn′cus. King of Scythia; changed into a lynx by Ceres, 169 Ly′ra. Orpheus’ lute; placed in heave

a-cha′on. Celebrated leech, son of Æsculapius, 47; Philoctetes healed by , 295 Ma′ia. Goddess of the plains; mother of Mer

Ares; son of Jupiter and Juno, 37; god of war, 116-121; Venus courted by , 84-86; day of, 178; descendants of, 339; signifi

d-i-ter-ra′ne-an. Sea dividing world in two, 4 Medu′sa. Gorgon slain by Perseus, whose hair was turned into snakes, 210-2

the Muses presides over tragedy, 69 Mem′phis. Town in Egypt, founded by Epaphus, 114 Men-e-la′us. King of Sparta; husban

ne of the four sons of Iapetus and Clymene, 14 Men′tor. Name assumed by Minerva to act as a guide for Telemachus, 318, 32

ompus, Oneicopompus; son of Jupiter and Maia, 109-115; Pandora guided by , 18; Jupiter’s ally, 29; Adonis guided by, 87; Ma

ia, 109-115; Pandora guided by, 18; Jupiter’s ally, 29; Adonis guided by , 87; Mars delivered by, 117; visits Vulcan, 123;

ided by, 18; Jupiter’s ally, 29; Adonis guided by, 87; Mars delivered by , 117; visits Vulcan, 123; Bacchus guarded by, 150

d by, 87; Mars delivered by, 117; visits Vulcan, 123; Bacchus guarded by , 150; Proserpina guided by, 168; Lara loved by, 1

, 117; visits Vulcan, 123; Bacchus guarded by, 150; Proserpina guided by , 168; Lara loved by, 174; day of, 178; leader of

, 123; Bacchus guarded by, 150; Proserpina guided by, 168; Lara loved by , 174; day of, 178; leader of dreams, 180; Perseus

ara loved by, 174; day of, 178; leader of dreams, 180; Perseus helped by , 211; Pan, son of, 265; Protesilaus guided by, 28

ms, 180; Perseus helped by, 211; Pan, son of, 265; Protesilaus guided by , 281; Priam led by, 293; Ulysses aided by, 311, 3

lped by, 211; Pan, son of, 265; Protesilaus guided by, 281; Priam led by , 293; Ulysses aided by, 311, 316; Æneas aided by,

of, 265; Protesilaus guided by, 281; Priam led by, 293; Ulysses aided by , 311, 316; Æneas aided by, 330; significance, 349

d by, 281; Priam led by, 293; Ulysses aided by, 311, 316; Æneas aided by , 330; significance, 349, 350, 364, 36S Mer′o-pe.

rs; god of war and strife, 116 Me-zen′ti-us. Father of Lausus; slain by Æneas, 337 Mi′das. King of Lydia, 57, 58; change

Athene, goddess of wisdom; daughter of Jupiter, 39-43; man given soul by , 15; flute of, 55; Vulcan wooes, 124; contest of

, 55; Vulcan wooes, 124; contest of Neptune and, 128; Medusa punished by , 210; Perseus aided by, 21:; gift to 216; Argo bu

; contest of Neptune and, 128; Medusa punished by, 210; Perseus aided by , 21:; gift to 216; Argo built by, 234; Belleropho

dusa punished by, 210; Perseus aided by, 21:; gift to 216; Argo built by , 234; Bellerophon helped by, 257; Juno and Venus

us aided by, 21:; gift to 216; Argo built by, 234; Bellerophon helped by , 257; Juno and Venus dispute with, 272-274; Pallo

pute with, 272-274; Pallodium, a sacred statue of, 296; Ulysses aided by , 316-320; significance, 360 Min-er-va′li-a. Fest

rseus exchanges Argos for, 217 Myr′mi-dons. Achilles’ followers; led by Patroclus, 288, 289; significance, 359 Mys′ter-i

mphs, who looked after the flocks also, 261 Nar-cis′sus. Youth loved by Echo; enamoured with his own image, 96-98 Nau-si

of Alcinous and Arete; befriends Ulysses, 317 Nax′os. Island visited by Theseus and Bacchus, 155, 225; significance, 355

55, 225; significance, 355 Nec′tar. Beverage of the gods, poured out by Hebe and Ganymede, 27, 66 Ne′leus. Son of Neptun

eptune; brother of Pelias, 130 Ne′me-a. Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules, 191 Ne′me-an Games. Ga

of Pelias, 130 Ne′me-a. Forest in Greece, devastated by a lion slain by Hercules, 191 Ne′me-an Games. Games in honour of

in honour of Jupiter and Hercules, 207 Ne′me-an Lion. Monster slain by Hercules, 191, 258 Nem′e-sis. Goddess of revenge

6-135; son of Cronus, 10, 11; kingdom given to, 13; Deluge controlled by , 23, 24; horse created by, 40, Delos created by,

11; kingdom given to, 13; Deluge controlled by, 23, 24; horse created by , 40, Delos created by, 45; walls built by, 48; Ma

13; Deluge controlled by, 23, 24; horse created by, 40, Delos created by , 45; walls built by, 48; Mars punished by, 118; g

d by, 23, 24; horse created by, 40, Delos created by, 45; walls built by , 48; Mars punished by, 118; girl protected by, 17

eated by, 40, Delos created by, 45; walls built by, 48; Mars punished by , 118; girl protected by, 170; Vesta wooed by, 171

ted by, 45; walls built by, 48; Mars punished by, 118; girl protected by , 170; Vesta wooed by, 171; Minos punished by, 194

lt by, 48; Mars punished by, 118; girl protected by, 170; Vesta wooed by , 171; Minos punished by, 194; Pegasus created by,

by, 118; girl protected by, 170; Vesta wooed by, 171; Minos punished by , 194; Pegasus created by, 213; Hippolytus slain b

by, 170; Vesta wooed by, 171; Minos punished by, 194; Pegasus created by , 213; Hippolytus slain by, 228; Thetis wooed by,

71; Minos punished by, 194; Pegasus created by, 213; Hippolytus slain by , 228; Thetis wooed by, 271; Trojans punished by,

194; Pegasus created by, 213; Hippolytus slain by, 228; Thetis wooed by , 271; Trojans punished by, 296, 297; Polyphemus,

213; Hippolytus slain by, 228; Thetis wooed by, 271; Trojans punished by , 296, 297; Polyphemus, son of, 303; Ulysses’ men

ns punished by, 296, 297; Polyphemus, son of, 303; Ulysses’ men slain by , 316, 317; Æneas saved by, 328, 332; significance

Polyphemus, son of, 303; Ulysses’ men slain by, 316, 317; Æneas saved by , 328, 332; significance, 362, 365 Ne-re′i-des. W

2 Nes′sus. The Centaur who carries Deianeira across the river; slain by Hercules, 203, 204; significance, 354 Nes′tor. G

is cave, 180 Ni′o-be. Daughter of Tantalus, whose children are slain by Apollo and Diana, 73-75, 143; significance, 362,

nies Euryalus to summon Æneas back to camp, 335 No′man. Name assumed by Ulysses to mislead Polyphemus, 305, 306 No′tus o

ies. Name given to the gods of Olympus, 27. — Games. Games instituted by Hercules in honour of Jupiter, 35, 207 O-lym′pus

from, 122; Ceres visits, 167; Bellerophon storms, 260; Pan carried to by Mercury, 266; Thetis visits, 284; significance, 3

dia; the taskmistress of Hercules, 201 O-ne-i-co-pom′pus. Name borne by Mercury as conductor of dreams, 109, 114 Ops. Sa

n and Clytæmnestra; friend of Pylades, 299, 300 O-ri′on. Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her, 77-79 Or-i

ades, 299, 300 O-ri′on. Youth loved by Diana, and accidentally slain by her, 77-79 Or-i-thy′i-a. Wife of Boreas; mother

which the Titans piled Pelion, 12 O′tus. Giant son of Neptune; slain by Diana and Apollo, 117, 130; significance, 365

enum, 332, 333 Pal-la′di-um. Statue of Minerva, 43; stolen from Troy by Ulysses and Diomedes, 171, 296 Pal′las. 1. Name

1. Name given to Minerva in Athens, 15, 39. 2. Son of Evander; slain by Turnus, while fighting for Æneas, 336, 337 Pal′l

h Helen, 277; duel with Menelaus, 285; in battle, 287; Achilles slain by , 294; death of, 295; significance, 358, 359 Par-

ated to Minerva at Athens, 43 Pa-tro′clus. Friend of Achilles; slain by Hector, 288-292; significance, 359 Peg′a-sus. St

-233, 238-239 Pe′li-on. A high mountain in Thessaly, piled upon Ossa by the giants to reach Olympus, 12, 234 Pel-o-pon-n

, 1 56, 157 Per-i-phe′tes. Son of Vulcan, 125; encountered and slain by Theseus, 219 Per-seph′o-ne. Same as Proserpina,

nce, 354. 355. 357. 359 Pet′a-sus. Name given to the winged cap worn by Mercury, 111. Phæ-a′ci-ans. People who dwelt in

. Sister of Phaeton; one of the Heliades, 68; Apollo’s flocks guarded by , 315 Phe-re-phat′ta. Name given to Persephone, o

l to Perseus for Andromeda, 215. 2. The blind king of Thrace; annoyed by the Harpies, 235 Phleg′e-thon. One of the rivers

ndants of Mars, god of war, 116 Pho′cis. Province in Greece, bounded by Doris, Locris, and the Gulf of Corinth, 299 Phœ′

near Corinth, where Pegasus drinks, 258 Pi′rates. Bacchus borne off by , 152 Pi-rith′o-us. King of the Lapithæ; friend o

Theseus, 221, 227, 241 Ple′ia-des. Seven of Diana’s nymphs; pursued by Orion and changed into stars, 78 Plu′to. Same as

Regions, 14, 59, 60, 87, 179, 312; birth of, 10; Proserpina abducted by , 1 36-141; Arethusa sees, 165; Ceres visits, 167;

ed by, 1 36-141; Arethusa sees, 165; Ceres visits, 167; Perseus aided by , 211; Theseus punished by, 228; significance, 361

sees, 165; Ceres visits, 167; Perseus aided by, 211; Theseus punished by , 228; significance, 361, 366 Plu′tus. Son of Jas

illed in medicine, 47 Po-dar′ces. Same as Priam, King of Troy; slain by Pyrrhus, 128 Po-li′tes. Last of Priam’s sons; sl

n by Pyrrhus, 128 Po-li′tes. Last of Priam’s sons; slain at his feet by Pyrrhus, 323 Pol′lux. Son of Jupiter and Leda; b

1, 244, 245 Pol′y-bus. King of Corinth; adopted Œdipus when forsaken by the servant, 246-248 Pol-y-dec′tes. King of Seri

Pol-y-do′rus. Trojan youth, murdered in Thrace; his grave discovered by Æneas, 325 Pol-y-hym′ni-a. Muse of rhetoric; dau

of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 69 Pol-y-ni′ces. Son of Œdipus, 250; slain by Eteocles, 253; buried by Antigone, 254 Pol-y-phe

69 Pol-y-ni′ces. Son of Œdipus, 250; slain by Eteocles, 253; buried by Antigone, 254 Pol-y-phe′mus. Giant son of Neptun

us. Giant son of Neptune, 130; Ulysses visits, 301-310; Galatea loved by , 304; blinded by Ulysses, 306; Achemenides escape

Neptune, 130; Ulysses visits, 301-310; Galatea loved by, 304; blinded by Ulysses, 306; Achemenides escapes from, 327 Po-l

84 Pri′am. Same as Podarces, 128; King of Troy, 273; Paris received by , 275; duel witnessed by, 285; Hector, son of, 285

arces, 128; King of Troy, 273; Paris received by, 275; duel witnessed by , 285; Hector, son of, 285, 289; Hector’s death se

duel witnessed by, 285; Hector, son of, 285, 289; Hector’s death seen by , 292; Mercury leads, 293 Polyxena, daughter of,

pursues the nymph Lotis, 263, 268 Pro′cris. Wife of Cephalus; slain by his unerring javelin, 52, 53; significance, 351,

icance, 351, 353 Pro-crus′tes (The Stretcher). Encountered and slain by Theseus, 220 Prœ′tus. Husband of Anteia, and kin

, 257 Pro-me′theus (Forethought). Son of Iapetus, 14-17; man created by , 14; Olympus visited by, 16; Pandora taken to, 18

ethought). Son of Iapetus, 14-17; man created by, 14; Olympus visited by , 16; Pandora taken to, 18; chained to Caucasian M

dess of vegetation, 105, 158-170; Orpheus visits, 60; Adonis welcomed by , 87; Pluto abducts, 136, 159; emblem of death, 18

omed by, 87; Pluto abducts, 136, 159; emblem of death, 182; condemned by Jupiter, 167; significance, 361 Pro-tes-i-la′us.

nelaus consults, 299; significance, 344 Psy′che. Fair princess loved by Cupid; the emblem of the soul, 99-106; significan

do’s husband, 329 Pyg′mies. Race of small people in Africa; defended by Antæus, 197, 198 Pyl′a-des. Son of Strophius; in

ery three years, 72 Py′thon. Serpent born of the Deluge slime; slain by Apollo, 48, 49; significance, 350, 366 Q Q

itan; daughter of Uranus and Gæa, 6; wife of Cronus, 8; Jupiter saved by , 9; Corybantes, priests of, 9; Cronus defeated by

s, 8; Jupiter saved by, 9; Corybantes, priests of, 9; Cronus defeated by , 9; Juno, daughter of, 36; Pluto, son of, 136; Ce

madryad, 264, 265, 300 Roman Divinities, 27, 176 Rome. City founded by Romulus; it comprises seven hills, 119; worship o

nder of Rome, 119, 120, 333, 339 Ru′tu-les. Nation in Italy governed by Turnus, 335, 337 S Sa-git-ta′ri-us. The co

y Turnus, 335, 337 S Sa-git-ta′ri-us. The constellation formed by Chiron, the Centaur who taught Hercules, 193 Sa-

r Cronus. Son of Uranus and Gæa, 7; father of Jupiter, 9; Italy ruled by , 12, 22; husband of Rhea, 14; day of, 178 Sa′tyr

ate which led from Troy to the plain, 286 Sci′ron. Giant encountered by Theseus on the Isthmus of Corinth, 219, 220 Scyl

e Isthmus of Corinth, 219, 220 Scyl′la. Sea nymph changed to monster by Circe. She lived under rock of same name, 314, 31

7 Scy′ros. Island in the Archipelago, the home of Lycomedes, visited by Achilles and Theseus, 229 Scyth′i-a. Country nor

egions, 332, 333 Si ca′ni-a. Land where Anchises died; visited twice by Æneas, 327. 331 Sict-ly. Island home of Polyphem

twice by Æneas, 327. 331 Sict-ly. Island home of Polyphemus; visited by Arion, 63; visited by Proserpina, 158; visited by

31 Sict-ly. Island home of Polyphemus; visited by Arion, 63; visited by Proserpina, 158; visited by Ulysses, 303; visited

Polyphemus; visited by Arion, 63; visited by Proserpina, 158; visited by Ulysses, 303; visited by Æneas, 327, 332 Si-le′n

ion, 63; visited by Proserpina, 158; visited by Ulysses, 303; visited by Æneas, 327, 332 Si-le′nus. Tutor of Bacchus; gen

world, 22 Sil′vi-a. Daughter of Latin shepherd; her stag was wounded by lulus, 334 Si′nis (The Pine-bender). Giant encou

by lulus, 334 Si′nis (The Pine-bender). Giant encountered and slain by Theseus, 219 Si′non. Greek slave, who advised th

stood the statue of Niobe, 7 5 Si′rens. Maidens who allured mariners by their wondrous songs, 313-315; significance, 362

, 37; home of Menelaus, 275-277 Sphinx. Riddle-giving monster; slain by Œdipus, 249-251, 258; significance, 357, 366 Ste

251, 258; significance, 357, 366 Stel′li-o. Urchin changed to lizard by Ceres when searching for Proserpina, 1 70 Ster′o

anks Hercules slew the brazenclawed birds, 195 Styx. River in Hades, by whose waters the gods swore their most sacred oat

eech of love, 84 Sy-ch-æ′us. King of Tyre; husband of Dido; murdered by Pygmalion, 329 Sym-pleg′a-des. Floating rocks sa

dered by Pygmalion, 329 Sym-pleg′a-des. Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, 235 Syrinx. Nymph loved by Pan, and ch

s. Floating rocks safely passed by the Argo, 235 Syrinx. Nymph loved by Pan, and changed into reeds, 266, 267 T Tæ′

immerian coast, 137, 200 Ta-la′ri-a. Mercury’s winged sandals, given by the gods, 111 Ta′lus. Brazen giant; son of Vulca

355 Tau′ris. Country to which Diana brought Iphigenia, 281; visited by Orestes, 300 Tel′a-mon. Husband of Hesione, the

s. Same as Mors, god of death, 179 Thebes. Capital of Bœotia founded by Cadmus, 33, 34; Amphion, king of, 62, 63; Cadmus,

of justice, 30, 83, 86, 139 The-odo′sius. Worship of Vesta abolished by , 173 The-oph′a-ne. Maiden changed by Neptune int

ius. Worship of Vesta abolished by, 173 The-oph′a-ne. Maiden changed by Neptune into a sheep, 1 30 The′seus. Son of Ægeu

of the Titanides, 6, 8; marriage feast of, 267, 268; Olympus visited by , 284; Achilles comforted by, 290; Achilles’ armou

riage feast of, 267, 268; Olympus visited by, 284; Achilles comforted by , 290; Achilles’ armour brought by, 290, 291; Achi

visited by, 284; Achilles comforted by, 290; Achilles’ armour brought by , 290, 291; Achilles instructed by, 292 This′be.

d by, 290; Achilles’ armour brought by, 290, 291; Achilles instructed by , 292 This′be. Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus

0, 291; Achilles instructed by, 292 This′be. Babylonian maiden loved by Pyramus, 94, 95 Thrace. Country on the Black Sea

er. Same as Jove, &c, 11 Thyr′sus. The vine-encircled wand borne by the followers of Bacchus, 157 Ti′ber. River in I

ame as Cronus, Saturn, &c, 7 Ti-re′si-as. The blind seer visited by Ulysses on the Cimmerian shore, 312, 315 Ti-siph

a-chin′i-a. Land where Hercules died, 188 Tri-na′cri-a. Land visited by Ulysses, whose men slay the cattle of the sun, 31

bitants of Troy, 127,281-297, 322-338 Troy. City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam, 29, 78; walls built by Neptun

City of Asia Minor, ruled by Laomedon and Priam, 29, 78; walls built by Neptune, 48, 127; war of, 273-300, 322-338; siege

ainst Æneas, 333-338 Tus′cans. People of Tuscania in Italy, governed by Evander; allies of Æneas, 335, 336 Tyn-da′re-us.

Æneas, 335, 336 Tyn-da′re-us. Stepfather of Helen; binds her suitors by oath, 276 Ty-phœ′us. Same as Typhon; monster sen

er sent to dethrone Jupiter, 12, 13 Tyre. City in Phœnicia, governed by Sychæus and Dido, 329 U U-lys′ses. Same as

Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 69 U′ra-nus (Heaven). Husband of Gæa, created by her, 3, 6, 7; significance, 348 V Ve′nus.

Same as Dione, Aphrodite, Cytherea, goddess of beauty, 82-108; loved by Mars, 118; day of, 178; Hippomenes aided by, 243;

of beauty, 82-108; loved by Mars, 118; day of, 178; Hippomenes aided by , 243; Juno and Minerva dispute with, 272-274; Par

aided by, 243; Juno and Minerva dispute with, 272-274; Paris advised by , 275, 277; Paris saved by, 285; Æneas, son of, 32

inerva dispute with, 272-274; Paris advised by, 275, 277; Paris saved by , 285; Æneas, son of, 322, 324, 329, 332, 336, 338

338; significance, 352, 353 Ver-tum′nus. God of the orchards; loved by Pomona, 268, 269 Ves′ta. Same as Hestia, goddess

us, god of the forge, 122-125 » son of Juno, 37; Jupiter’s head cleft by , 39; Venus, wife of, 84, 85; Periphetes, son of,

by, 39; Venus, wife of, 84, 85; Periphetes, son of, 219; armour made by , 291, 336; significance, 364 Vul-ca-na′li-a. Fes

of the south wind; son of Æolus and Aurora, 98, 184; Hyacinthus slain by , 49; Venus conducted by, 82; Psyche saved by, 100

f Æolus and Aurora, 98, 184; Hyacinthus slain by, 49; Venus conducted by , 82; Psyche saved by, 100, 105; cloud enveloping

8, 184; Hyacinthus slain by, 49; Venus conducted by, 82; Psyche saved by , 100, 105; cloud enveloping Arethusa blown away b

, 82; Psyche saved by, 100, 105; cloud enveloping Arethusa blown away by , 165; Flora, wife of, 268 Ze′tes. Son of Boreas

usively as the god of wealth. Abandoned in infancy, he was brought up by Pax, the goddess of peace, who is often represent

of our largest academies, where it has been received with much favor by both teachers and pupils. Even in that form, whic

o be treated with peculiar care; and text-books are often objected to by parents and teachers as still retaining the taint

ng to be desired in this particular. It is a practical work, prepared by an experienced teacher, and already submitted to

are, nevertheless, so many points of resemblance, that it is believed by many that the principal mythical systems had one

, and wine; also sacrifices of animals, which were either partaken of by the votaries or consumed as holocausts upon the a

ions resembled, in their exterior form, those offered to the true God by the ancient patriarchs. The idea of propitiating

For He alone All heavenly is, and all terrestrial things Are wrought by Him. First, midst and last he holds With His omni

The same idea is expressed in the verses of the poet Aratus, quoted by St. Paul in his address to the Athenians on the H

Hence arose a class of demigods, whose real achievements, transmitted by popular tradition and embellished by the poets, b

e real achievements, transmitted by popular tradition and embellished by the poets, became altogether legendary and mythic

ot learned to slay animals for food, nor had the earth been disturbed by the plough. Neither the labors of the husbandman,

rupted reason knew, And, with a native bent did good pursue. Unforced by punishment, unawed by fear, His words were simple

d, with a native bent did good pursue. Unforced by punishment, unawed by fear, His words were simple, and his soul sincere

ld: And double death did wretched man invade, By steel assaulted, and by gold betrayed.” Dryden’s Ovid. Mount Olympus.

rom the storms which vexed the lower world. A gate of clouds, guarded by the goddesses of the seasons, opened to permit th

upon the affairs of heaven and earth, and were delighted at intervals by the music of Apollo’s lyre, and the songs of the

the aid of hands. The robes of the different divinities were wrought by Minerva and the Graces. Everything of a solid nat

m. She sent him secretly to Crete where he was educated on Mount Ida, by the nymphs, or, according to some, by the prieste

e he was educated on Mount Ida, by the nymphs, or, according to some, by the priestesses of Cybele [Cyb′ele]. The goat whi

Thunder, lightning, rain, clouds, snow, and rainbows. These were sent by Jupiter either as signs or warnings, or else to p

world. Others were invented at later times; and all were embellished by the poets with but little regard for moral or rel

st appeared in the form of a crow. He constantly excited her jealousy by his admiration of mortal women, and this gave ris

on of mortal women, and this gave rise to many adventures, celebrated by the poets. Ques. What was the story of Europa [E

ues. What was the story of Europa [Euro′pa]? Ans. Jupiter was struck by the beauty of Europa, daughter of Agenor [Age′nor

dow where the young princess was gathering flowers. Europa, attracted by the beauty and gentleness of the animal, caressed

Ans. It is probable that some sea captain, or pirate, was attracted by the beauty of the young princess, and carried her

ate the story of Cadmus. Ans. Cadmus, the son of Agenor, was ordered by his father to go in search of his sister Europa,

consult the oracle of Apollo as to what he should do. He was directed by the god to follow a young heifer, which he would

piter on the site of his intended town, the solemnity was interrupted by a terrible event. The attendants of Cadmus, in se

hing for water, had entered a grove sacred to Mars, which was guarded by a mighty dragon. On perceiving him, they turned t

to fly, but were either crushed in the serpent’s folds, or suffocated by blasts of the monster’s fiery breath. Cadmus, awa

n those of their children. Cadmus and Hermione were so much afflicted by the misfortunes of their descendants, that they p

Hippolytus [Hippol′ytus], son of Theseus, king of Athens, was killed by sea-monsters. Æsculapius, by bringing him to life

n of Theseus, king of Athens, was killed by sea-monsters. Æsculapius, by bringing him to life, so offended Jupiter that th

ich is called the hyacinth. Cyparissus [Cyparis′sus] was also beloved by the god. The boy grieved so deeply at having unin

hetoric; and the nine Muses were subject to him. He regulated the day by guiding the chariot of the sun. Ques. What else

that point. Ques. Relate these stories. Ans. Apollo was challenged by Marsyas to a contest in music. The god was not co

alive, and afterwards changed him into a river, which is still known by his name. The punishment inflicted on King Midas

d shape like those of an ass. Midas endeavored to cover the deformity by his hair, and since it was impossible to conceal

was impossible to conceal it from his barber, he bound him to silence by great promises. This man, however, found it so pa

tering metal. He soon perceived his folly, however, for when, pressed by hunger, he tried to partake of the food placed be

ublicly acknowledged. The youth was kindly received, and Apollo swore by the Styx to grant him any favor he should ask. Ph

His body was hurled into the river Po, where it was found and buried by the nymphs of the place. As his sisters were weep

place. As his sisters were weeping around his tomb, they were changed by Jupiter into poplars. Ques. Who was Daphne? Ans

by Jupiter into poplars. Ques. Who was Daphne? Ans. A nymph beloved by Apollo: she was changed into a laurel while she w

d? Ans. As a warrior in splendid armor, standing in a chariot driven by Bellona [Bello′na], a distracted woman, who holds

the ranks of war, waving a flaming torch, and exciting the combatants by her cries. The temple of Bellona at Rome, was wit

Parentage — How represented — Offices of Mercury — Benefits conferred by Mercury on Man — Why considered the Patron of Thi

and Argus. Ans. Io, the daughter of Inachus [In′achus], was beloved by Jupiter. He strove to hide her from the anger of

was beloved by Jupiter. He strove to hide her from the anger of Juno by transforming her into a cow. The goddess suspecte

on with Argus, and at length played so sweetly on his pipe, that, one by one, the keeper’s hundred eyes were closed. The g

vant, and placed his eyes in her peacock’s tail. Io, still persecuted by Juno, wandered over the earth, and at length arri

to restore her to her original form, or to terminate her misfortunes by death. Juno was touched with compassion, and allo

of Isis. The statues of Mercury were simply wooden posts, surmounted by a rude head with a pointed beard. They were set u

was not always that of Mercury. These pillars were sometimes placed, by the Athenians, at the entrances of their houses a

wned with ivy and grape leaves; he sits in a chariot, drawn sometimes by panthers and lynxes, and sometimes by tigers and

s in a chariot, drawn sometimes by panthers and lynxes, and sometimes by tigers and lions. He carries in his hand a thyrsu

lions. He carries in his hand a thyrsus — that is, a staff encircled by ivy and grape leaves; a troop of demons and drunk

low him. Ques. What was the story of Semele? Ans. She was destroyed by the jealousy of Juno. This goddess visited Semele

him in heaven. All happened as Juno desired, and Semele was consumed by the lightnings which surrounded Jupiter. Bacchus

e his mother’s fate, but was conveyed to Naxos, where he was educated by some nymphs. Ques. How did Bacchus reward their

or Orgia were the most celebrated. They were at first participated in by women only but afterwards men were admitted to jo

presumed to intrude on the revels of the Bacchantes, they were seized by a sort of madness, and rushing upon the unhappy m

over their tasks. For this, Alcithoe and her sisters were transformed by the power of Bacchus into bats; and the spindle a

und, and cultivate the vine. They disgraced his memory in after times by the drunken revels they held in his honor. Cha

she generally represented? Ans. As seated in a golden chariot drawn by peacocks. She holds a sceptre in her hand, and is

rdinary beauty, and Jupiter made her his cup-bearer. She offended him by an unlucky fall, and Ganymede was appointed in he

er, and at Argos the priestess of Juno always rode in a chariot drawn by oxen. The sacred plants of the goddess were, the

. The peacock was chosen as the bird of Juno, because it was supposed by its cry to indicate a change of weather. Chapt

e sprung full armed from the head of Jupiter? Ans. The poets signify by this, that wisdom comes direct from the deity. Q

try around covered with figures of men and animals changed into stone by the sight of the monster, he was obliged to use g

erful steed flew to Mount Helicon, the residence of the Muses, where, by striking the earth with his foot, he produced the

n Hippocrene [Hippocre′ne]. All who drank of its waters were inspired by the Muses with a poetic spirit. Perseus went thro

gh many other adventures in which Medusa’s head did him good service, by changing his enemies into stone. He afterwards ga

. Ques. By whom was she educated? Ans. She was educated and adorned by the Horæ or Hours, who carried her to heaven as s

, she is pictured as traversing the heavens in an ivory chariot drawn by doves. She wears a wonderful girdle called the Ce

ns. The Graces were her attendants, and she was generally accompanied by her son Cupid, who was the god of love. Ques. Ho

y of the festivals of Venus? Ans. They were various, and accompanied by much that was disgraceful and immoral. The swan,

as, therefore, exposed on Mount Ida, where he was found and cared for by some shepherds. After he had grown up, he acquire

ris then pronounced Venus the fairest. He was soon after acknowledged by his father, King Priam; and Venus fulfilled her e

wledged by his father, King Priam; and Venus fulfilled her engagement by aiding him to carry off Helen, the beautiful wife

e fatal to her, she freed herself from the importunity of her suitors by a singular expedient. She caused it to be proclai

n his bride. Hippomenes was ungrateful to Venus, who revenged herself by changing him into a lion, and the beautiful Atala

youth, the son of Cinyras [Cin′yras], king of Cyprus, and was beloved by Venus. He was killed by a wild boar, while huntin

s [Cin′yras], king of Cyprus, and was beloved by Venus. He was killed by a wild boar, while hunting with that goddess. Ven

Venus was hastening to the assistance of Adonis, her foot was wounded by a thorn, and some drops of blood fell upon that f

hment of Tityus — Latona a Personification of Night — How represented by Painters and Sculptors. Ques. Who was Latona?

daughter of Phœbe and Cœus the Titan. When she was driven from heaven by the jealousy of Juno, she found an asylum in the

g with her babes in the country of Lycia, in Asia, arrived, exhausted by heat and fatigue, on the borders of a clear pool.

sun and moon. She is represented as seated in a golden chariot drawn by milk-white horses; her countenance is brilliant,

eph′alus] and Procris. Ans. Cephalus, a beautiful youth, was beloved by Aurora, who carried him with her to heaven; but h

the refreshing breeze. This word was mistaken for the name of a nymph by some persons who carried the tale to Procris. Bei

ne of the day. The Trojans were routed in their turn, and Memnon fell by the hand of the Grecian hero. Aurora watched the

hich are directly opposite the great temple of Luxor. They are called by the Arabs, Shama and Dama. The statue of Memnon i

was formerly celebrated for its vocal powers. It is commonly asserted by ancient writers that when the first rays of the r

ard from this statue at sunrise; the only question is as to the means by which they were produced. The Colossus, although

ue. A much more reasonable solution of the mystery has been furnished by Mr.  Wilkinson, an intelligent English traveller.

. The face of the Memnon, like that of the Sphinx, has been mutilated by the Arabs; the positions of the figures which are

s forth. Ques. How did Saturn lose his kingdom? Ans. He was deposed by Jupiter, and was obliged to take refuge in Italy,

e consider that he was so mild a king. The planet Saturn was supposed by the ancients to exercise a malignant influence.

ues. What were the Saturnalia? Ans. They were solemnities instituted by Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome. In early times th

the patricians. The Saturnalia is probably represented in some degree by the modern Carnival. Saturn is thought by some pe

represented in some degree by the modern Carnival. Saturn is thought by some persons to have been the same as Noah. Ja

erwards. Ques. How was Vulcan represented? Ans. As a smith standing by an anvil with tools in his hand. Ques. What was

feasts in his honor called Vulcania. At these they sacrificed animals by throwing them into the fire to be burned to death

was peculiar about this temple? Ans. The approach to it was guarded by dogs, whose scent was so keen that they could dis

ingle eye with a firebrand and escaped. He embarked in haste, pursued by the monster; his companions shouted defiance as t

uted defiance as they weighed anchor, and the blind Cyclops, directed by the sound of their voices, hurled a rock into the

s, directed by the sound of their voices, hurled a rock into the sea, by which their vessel was almost swamped. Warned by

a rock into the sea, by which their vessel was almost swamped. Warned by this danger, they rowed silently until they reach

was the god of the winds; he could imprison them in a dark cave, or, by setting them free, create tempests. Ques. What w

to criticise in the person of Venus, he complained of the noise made by her golden sandals. Momus was at length driven fr

firesides, and was a household divinity. Statues of Vesta were placed by the Romans at the entrance of their houses; hence

temple, at Rome, a sacred fire was suspended in the air, and watched by the Vestal Virgins. If this fire chanced to be ex

ttle bread, wine, water and oil. The sacred fire of Vesta was watched by these priestesses for nearly eleven centuries. We

A striking instance of the respect felt for these Virgins, is related by a Roman historian. Appius Claudius Audax, a consu

us to the people, was attacked in the midst of a triumphal procession by the plebeian tribunes, who endeavored to pull him

o was a Vestal Virgin, ascended the triumphal car, and took her place by her father’s side. The tumult immediately subside

iscreditable to do so. Chapter XVI. Cybele. Cybele — How called by the Greeks — Parentage and Attributes — How repre

laudia. Ques. Who was Cybele? Ans. This goddess, sometimes called by the Greeks, Rhea, and by the Latins, Ops, is cons

Cybele? Ans. This goddess, sometimes called by the Greeks, Rhea, and by the Latins, Ops, is considered to be a personific

was Cybele represented? Ans. Generally as riding in a chariot, drawn by lions. She wears a turreted crown, and is clothed

y a large aerolite which had fallen in the vicinity, and was regarded by the people as the heaven-sent image of their grea

the close of the second Punic war, the Romans, directed, it is said, by the Sibylline books, sent an embassy to Attalus,

this state, to possess the gift of prophecy. The divinity worshipped by the Roman women under the name of Bona Dea, or Go

ow, and drew the ship safely into port. Her innocence was established by this prodigy. Chapter XVII. Ceres — Demeter.

— Sacrifices offered to Ceres — Feasts called Ambarvalia — Described by Virgil. Ques. Who was Ceres? Ans. She was the

olds a lighted torch, because when her daughter Proserpine was stolen by Pluto, Ceres kindled a torch from the flames of M

e determined, nevertheless, to obtain a wife, even if he had to do so by violence. Proserpine, the daughter of Jupiter and

s of Enna, when Pluto suddenly appeared among them in a chariot drawn by black horses. As the maidens fled in terror, he s

ly into an owl. Jupiter endeavored to appease the resentment of Ceres by permitting Proserpine to divide the year, spendin

ate the story of Triptolemus. Ans. When Ceres was seeking Proserpine by sea and land, she was kindly entertained by Celeu

es was seeking Proserpine by sea and land, she was kindly entertained by Celeus, king of Eleusis, in Attica. She rewarded

d by Celeus, king of Eleusis, in Attica. She rewarded his hospitality by taking care of his young son, whom she nourished

sually represented as a young man, seated in a splendid chariot drawn by flying serpents. Ques. What sacrifices were offe

s, and descended only amid the shades of evening, when she was unseen by men. When the Brazen Age commenced, she fled alto

go, one of the signs of the zodiac. This constellation is represented by the figure of a woman holding scales in one hand,

his marble fell into the hands of the Athenians, and a sculptor, said by some to have been Phidias, afterwards carved from

o a contest in music; they were defeated and transformed into magpies by the indignant goddesses. Thamyris [Tham′yris], a

Ques. Who was Pan? Ans. He was a woodland deity, and was honored by the Romans as the god of shepherds and the patron

pped as Lupercus, or Lynceus. His origin is uncertain, but he is said by some authors to have been a son of Mercury and a

Pan’s reeds? Ans. A beautiful nymph, named Syrinx, was so persecuted by this god, that she prayed the water-nymphs to hel

er’s boundaries. Landmarks and boundary stones were considered sacred by the Romans; they were crowned with garlands on fe

d placed the cross on his standard, he replaced these Terminal stones by the Christian emblem, and the custom of erecting

y reckoned as one of the rural divinities, and was worshipped as such by the ancient Sabines. The name comes from the Lati

ment of Chione — Story of Niobe — Temple of Diana at Ephesus — Burned by Erostratus — Despoiled by Nero — Plundered by the

Niobe — Temple of Diana at Ephesus — Burned by Erostratus — Despoiled by Nero — Plundered by the Goths — Nymphs — Naiades

ana at Ephesus — Burned by Erostratus — Despoiled by Nero — Plundered by the Goths — Nymphs — Naiades — Oreades — Oceanide

s. She shunned the society of men, and frequented the woods, attended by a train of virgins who had resolved, like her, ne

ead. Sometimes she is represented as seated in a silver chariot drawn by hounds. Ques. Who was Chione [Chi′one]? Ans. Sh

ounds. Ques. Who was Chione [Chi′one]? Ans. She was a nymph beloved by Apollo. She spoke scornfully of the beauty of Dia

hed with all the gifts of nature and fortune, and being made insolent by prosperity, she insulted Latona, and refused to o

red to their mother, and humble the haughty Niobe. This they effected by slaying, in one day, all the children of the unha

, in one day, all the children of the unhappy queen. Her sons expired by the arrows of Apollo, and her daughters by those

py queen. Her sons expired by the arrows of Apollo, and her daughters by those of Diana. Amphion killed himself in despair

the temple was 425 feet, and the breadth 220; the whole was supported by 127 superb columns, each the gift of a king. The

fice. A man named Erostratus, who was anxious to make himself famous, by whatever means, set fire to this magnificent buil

crying, “Great is Diana of the Ephesians!” This temple was despoiled by Nero, who removed many costly offerings and image

with a large quantity of silver and gold. It was afterwards plundered by the Goths in the reign of Gallienus; and the mate

n pillars of green jasper which were removed from the temple of Diana by order of Justinian. Two pillars of the great chur

s the daughter of Oceanus, and an attendant of Diana. She was admired by the god of the river Alpheus [Alphe′us], but refu

sea, and she rose in the island of Ortygia, in Sicily, still followed by the stream of the Alpheus. In proof of this fable

d Tellus; she was one of Juno’s attendants, but offended that goddess by her talkativeness. She was so far deprived of spe

to a neighboring fountain, and try to recall the image of his sister by gazing at his own reflection in the waters. Ques

d tines; he is arrayed in a blue mantle, and is generally accompanied by his queen Amphitrite. Neptune’s chariot is drawn

rally accompanied by his queen Amphitrite. Neptune’s chariot is drawn by sea-horses, and his attendants, who swim on eithe

Ans. In memory of his contest with Minerva, when he produced a horse by striking on the ground with his trident. Neptune

horse by striking on the ground with his trident. Neptune was obliged by Jupiter to aid Apollo in building the walls of Tr

s or Proteus. Ques. What is told of Phorcus? Ans. He was vanquished by Atlas, and drowned in the sea; after which the pe

y the magical sweetness of their singing, they allured all who sailed by those coasts; and after they had lulled them into

′ses] and Orpheus [Or′pheus]. The first was warned against the danger by the enchantress Circe; he therefore stopped the e

nions with wax, and had himself firmly bound to the mast of the ship, by which means he passed the fatal coasts in safety.

tes had decreed that the Sirens should live until some one who passed by , had listened to their songs unmoved. When they s

ad listened to their songs unmoved. When they saw themselves overcome by Orpheus, they knew that their hour had come, and

transformed them into wolves, swine or other animals. Ulysses escaped by throwing an herb into the cup, which rendered it

ses in a friendly manner. Ques. What did the poets endeavor to teach by the fables of the Sirens’ song, and the cup of Ci

the Sirens’ song, and the cup of Circe? Ans. They wished to signify by the singing of the Sirens, the allurements of vic

allurements of vice, and the dangers of listening to its seductions; by the story of Circe, they showed that when men dri

es that she was the daughter of Phorcus, and that she was transformed by the jealousy of Circe, into a frightful monster.

alousy of Circe, into a frightful monster. Scylla was so much grieved by this transformation, that she cast herself into t

herself into the sea, where she was changed into a rock, made famous by the many shipwrecks that occurred upon it. Over a

asts, and pursued them through the palace. He killed his son Learchus by dashing him against a wall, but Ino escaped, and

e power in saving vessels from shipwreck, and was, therefore, invoked by mariners. The Romans called him Portunus, and hon

presence. Achilles, the son of Thetis, fulfilled the Titan’s prophecy by his heroic exploits. Chapter XXIII. Infernal D

ow was Hell described? Ans. The entrance to the infernal regions was by a wide, dark cave, through which the departed sou

buried with funeral rites, were obliged to wander for a hundred years by the gloomy waters of Avernus, before Charon could

l? Ans. The Styx was the most remarkable. When any of the gods swore by the Styx, the oath was sacred; if any deity was g

lecto], Tisiphone [Tisi′phone], and Megæra [Megæ′ra]. They are called by the poets the Daughters of Night; their office wa

naky whips and lighted torches in their hands. They were often called by the Greeks Eumenides [Eumen′ides]. Ques. Of what

was Sisyphus [Sis′yphus]? Ans. He was a famous robber who was slain by Theseus. In hell, he was obliged to roll a huge s

lesh of his son Pelops to try their divinity. In hell he is tormented by continual hunger and thirst. He stands up to his

with tempting fruit hang over him, but they are carried out of reach by a sudden gust of wind whenever he attempts to plu

he body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. Ques. What was intended by this fable? Ans. Poets thus described a volcano

summit of which were lions; in the middle was pasture-land frequented by goats; and the lowest part was infested by serpen

as pasture-land frequented by goats; and the lowest part was infested by serpents. Bellerophon made this mountain inhabita

red one of their number. At length Hæmon, son of Creon, was destroyed by the monster, and the king made a public proclamat

-paws extend about fifty feet more. The face has been much disfigured by the arrows and lances of the Arabs, who are taugh

much disfigured by the arrows and lances of the Arabs, who are taught by their religion to hold all images of men or anima

given to a certain class of household deities, which were worshipped by the Romans in the penetralia, or innermost part o

dead within, or very near their dwellings. This custom was condemned by the laws of the Twelve Tables. Besides the spirit

imes, children were sacrificed to the goddess Mania, who was supposed by some to be the mother of the Lares. After the exp

es restored to freedom, hung up their fetters, in token of gratitude, by the altar of the Lares. Ques. How were the Lares

imes as children, sometimes as young warriors, but always accompanied by a dog. Virtues Worshipped by the Ancients. Vic

oung warriors, but always accompanied by a dog. Virtues Worshipped by the Ancients. Vices. Ques. What Virtues were

er, adjoining, to Honor. As the temple of Honor could only be reached by passing through that dedicated to Virtue, the vot

ough that dedicated to Virtue, the votaries were reminded that it was by walking in her paths, that true honor was to be a

y, had a temple near the Capitol, which was said to have been founded by Numa Pompilius. The symbols of this goddess were,

. Her particular symbol was a caduceus, a white staff anciently borne by ambassadors when sent to treat of peace. A magnif

dedicated to this goddess in the Roman Forum. Justice was worshipped by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Her emblems hav

stræa. Hope had a temple at Rome in the herb market. It was destroyed by lightning. Misericordia, or Mercy, had an altar a

uary for the unfortunate, and it was unlawful to take any one from it by force. This altar is said to have been erected by

ake any one from it by force. This altar is said to have been erected by the kindred of Hercules, after the death of that

of that hero. Pudicitia, or Modesty, had two temples, much frequented by the Roman matrons. The second of these was founde

offer sacrifice with them. She desired to repair this public affront by some memorable action. For this purpose, she buil

n infant, in her arms. The goddess Salus, or Health, was much honored by the Romans. In ancient times, certain days in the

resentations on our own coins. Ques. Were not the Vices also honored by the ancients? Ans. It is certain that both the G

Ans. They were brave men, who had rendered themselves famous in life by illustrious actions. After their death, their cou

eus, which he accordingly did. Hercules had been carefully instructed by the Centaur Chiron, and he was now equipped for h

tructed by the Centaur Chiron, and he was now equipped for his labors by the liberality of the gods. He received a sword f

up. He commanded an attendant to burn the wound with a firebrand, and by this means he at length cut off the last head. Th

period. Hercules was required to perform this task, which he effected by turning the course of a river through the stables

gave her cause to doubt his affection, she could secure his constancy by making him wear a garment which had been sprinkle

befitting the occasion. Deianira’s jealousy was excited against Iole by the reports of the messenger, and she sent her hu

nes. In his fury he caught the youth who had brought him the garment, by the foot, and hurled him into the sea. He then fl

a, where he erected a funeral pyre with forest trees which he tore up by the roots. On this he laid the skin of the Nemean

. The fleece was hung in a grove sacred to Mars, where it was guarded by bulls who breathed flame from their nostrils, and

was guarded by bulls who breathed flame from their nostrils, and also by a sleepless dragon. When Jason demanded his fathe

evitably have perished, had not Medea, the king’s daughter, saved him by her magical arts. Jason obtained the fleece, and

time happily with Jason, upon whom she conferred an additional favor by restoring his aged and decrepit father to the vig

to Jason, and consumed his palace and bride in a conflagration raised by her art. As Jason was about to rush upon the sorc

of their young men, and as many maidens. These were usually devoured by a horrible monster called Minotaur, whom Minos, t

ny underneath. These apartments had so many doors, and were connected by such intricate windings, that no one who was cond

King Minos; and Ariadne, the daughter of the king, was so much struck by the courage and generosity of Theseus that she re

he came to where the Minotaur lay, he slew him, and found his way out by the thread. The whole band then embarked for Athe

, one of the Oceanides. He formed a man out of clay, and gave it life by means of fire which he stole from heaven. Ques.

ice]; but on the very day of their nuptials she was stung in the foot by a venomous serpent, and died, leaving Orpheus ove

e charms of music. Orpheus was murdered during the orgies of Bacchus, by the Thracian women, who were incensed at the cold

cian who resided at the court of Periander, king of Corinth. Impelled by a minstrel’s love of wandering, he felt desirous

the punishment they had so well deserved. This event was commemorated by a statue of brass which was consecrated at Tænaru

rother Zethus. Amphion cultivated the art of music; he was instructed by Mercury, who gave him a golden lyre with which he

me the father of seven sons and as many daughters, who were all slain by Apollo and Diana. He is said to have killed himse

instruments. Chapter XXX. Atlas — His Parentage — Transformed by Perseus into a Mountain — Explanation of the Fabl

that Atlas sustained the heavens on his shoulders, has been explained by saying he was an astronomer, who observed the mot

ansformation; they were placed in the head of Taurus, and were called by the Greeks, Hyades, from a word which signifies “

t admired some branches loaded with golden apples, which were offered by the goddess of the Earth. She begged the Earth to

only daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos. This prince had been warned by an oracle that his daughter would have a son, who

n and admired the young princess, and he now found means to visit her by transforming himself into a shower of gold, which

t son in a coffer, which he cast into the sea. The coffer was carried by the waves to the island of Seriphus, where a fish

ndly, but when Perseus was grown, he strove to effect his destruction by engaging him in an expedition against the Gorgons

has been already related, in the article on Minerva. It was followed by the rescue of Andromeda [Androm′eda], which is to

eed from this calamity, unless Andromeda were given up to be devoured by the monster. Cepheus consented to the sacrifice,

us consented to the sacrifice, and his daughter was chained to a rock by the sea-shore, where she was abandoned to her fat

punished in the same manner. The hero afterwards fulfilled the oracle by killing his grandfather, whom he did not know, by

ulfilled the oracle by killing his grandfather, whom he did not know, by an accidental blow of a quoit. Perseus, Andromeda

was usual in such circumstances, and was received with much kindness by Prœtus, king of Argos. Bellerophon had not, howev

hon had not, however, been long at Argos when the king was prejudiced by a calumnious report, and became jealous of the yo

of a guest; he resolved, therefore, to effect his purpose indirectly, by engaging Bellerophon in dangerous enterprises. Th

d his days in happiness and prosperity, had he not irritated the gods by his pride. He conceived the project of mounting t

pon Mount Parnassus, and they consulted the oracle of Themis, to know by what means the earth might again be peopled. The

hould cast behind them the bones of their Great Mother. Understanding by this expression the earth, which is the common mo

ey had been commanded, when a great prodigy ensued. The stones thrown by Deucalion assumed human form and became men, and

rown by Deucalion assumed human form and became men, and those thrown by Pyrrha were changed into women. Ques. How is thi

alion and Pyrrha were remarkable for their piety and virtue; and that by precept and example, they subdued the ferocity of

skill, the young man excited the jealousy of Dædalus, who killed him by casting him down from the summit of the Acropolis

d lofty flights. For this murder, Dædalus was sentenced to banishment by the Court of the Areopagus [Areop′agus]. He found

nd his son Icarus [Ic′arus], which were so skilfully contrived, that, by their aid, they mounted boldly in the air, and di

rian, from his name. Dædalus arrived in Sicily, where he was employed by Cocalus [Coc′alus], king of that island, in the e

hose early times in architecture and sculpture were attributed to him by popular tradition. He introduced the use of masts

and gazing over the waters, beheld the body of Ceyx borne towards her by the waves. In her despair, she cast herself into

tanding the querulous, lamenting note of the halcyon, it was regarded by the ancients as a symbol of tranquillity, and as

nly bird of modern times which at all resembles the halcyon described by Pliny and Aristotle, is the Alcedo Ispida, a spec

Pliny and Aristotle, is the Alcedo Ispida, a species of martin called by the French, martin-pêcheur. This martin, however,

nection with calm weather. The large sponge-like ball which was taken by the ancients for the floating nest of the halcyon

ng nest of the halcyon, was in reality a zoöphyte, of the class named by Linnæus, halcyonium. Chapter XXXII. Meleag

th, and many others of heroic fame. All eyes were, however, attracted by the fair huntress Atalanta. Her girdle was of bur

a bow in her left hand. They soon reached the monster’s lair. Roused by the baying hounds, he rushed forth, trampling dow

seek safety in the branches of a tree. The first wound was inflicted by an arrow from the bow of Atalanta. Meleager, foll

odies of her murdered brothers. When she learned that they had fallen by the hand of Meleager, the Furies took possession

ation? Ans. Nisus was king of Megara; this city was closely besieged by Minos, but all his efforts were vain, as the Fate

alor which he displayed. Believing that he would reward her treachery by making her his queen, she cut the fatal lock whil

. Erisichthon persisted in his crime, and at length the tree, severed by repeated blows, and drawn with ropes, sunk to the

base expedient, but as often as Mestra was sold, she was transformed, by the favor of Neptune, now into a horse, now an ox

ent to supply the wants of the unhappy Erisichthon, who was compelled by hunger to devour his own flesh before death came

o have the best claim, and it is considered certain that the poet was by birth an Ionian; the Ionic is the dialect employe

n on shore at Ithaca. While in this island, he was kindly entertained by a wealthy man named Mentor, who related to him th

is poems. He afterwards led a wandering life, gaining wealth and fame by the recitation of his verses. He died at Ios, one

d. His gratitude towards this kind benefactor, and the happiness felt by the poet in the peaceful possession of his patrim

the civil wars; Virgil hoped to revive the taste for rural pursuits, by his beautiful descriptions of country life. The Æ

ant from Rome. The date of his birth is rendered memorable in history by the murder of the great Cicero. Ovid belonged to

r poetry at an early age, but was dissuaded from cultivating this art by his father, who wished him to apply exclusively t

erity and pleasure was brought suddenly to a close. Ovid was banished by Augustus to Tomi, (now Temiswar) on the shores of

to be allowed to accompany her husband in his exile. It is not known by what crime the unfortunate poet merited so severe

al tendency of some of his poems, was the ostensible reason set forth by the emperor; but these verses had been written ma

Tristia,” in which he bewails his hard fate, and describes the scenes by which he was surrounded. From the severity of the

ht with it neither birds nor flowers. In Summer, the sun was obscured by clouds; the Autumn shed no fruits, but through ev

engaged in correcting this, his greatest work, when he was surprised by the sentence of banishment. In a fit of impatienc

the poem was thus preserved. If the Metamorphoses had been destroyed by this rash act, we would have lost many interestin

d have lost many interesting fables which have been rendered immortal by the beauty of Ovid’s verse and his graceful fancy

isome to the reader. Ovid composed a poem in the harsh dialect spoken by the Getæ who dwelt on the borders of the Euxine S

stened with delight to his recitations, until their anger was excited by his constant complaints of their rude manners and

manners and inhospitable climate. Chapter XXXIV. Heroes Celebrated by the Poets. Heroes Celebrated by the Poets — Ag

Chapter XXXIV. Heroes Celebrated by the Poets. Heroes Celebrated by the Poets — Agamemnon — Sacrifice of Iphigenia — 

 Sacrifice of Iphigenia — Quarrel with Achilles — Murder of Agamemnon by Ægisthus and Clytemnestra — Achilles — His Parent

by Ægisthus and Clytemnestra — Achilles — His Parentage — Discovered by Ulysses at the Court of Lycomedes — His Quarrel w

me at Aulis, owing to the wrath of Diana, whom Agamemnon had offended by killing one of her favorite deer. Calchas, the so

r, was consulted; he declared that the goddess could only be appeased by the sacrifice of Iphigenia [Iphige′nia], the olde

f Priam, fell to the lot of Agamemnon. This princess had been endowed by Apollo with the gift of prophecy, but as she refu

ome′des]. Ulysses was sent to discover his retreat, which he effected by the following stratagem. Attired as a travelling

ale attire. Some pieces of armor were disposed among the merchandise; by the order of Ulysses, a trumpet was suddenly blow

mpet was suddenly blown, when the disguised Achilles betrayed himself by seizing the armor. The young warrior was then obl

m to return to the field. The death of his friend Patroclus, who fell by the hand of Hector, at length aroused him to acti

am. The unhappy maiden was torn from her mother’s arms, and immolated by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Hecuba [Hec′uba] le

fate of her son Polydorus. This young prince, who had been commended by Priam to the care of Polymnestor, king of Thrace,

o the care of Polymnestor, king of Thrace, was treacherously murdered by that monarch. The bereaved mother planned a terri

uced Polymnestor and his children to visit her in secret. Then, aided by her fellow captives, Hecuba murdered the young pr

uring the Siege of Troy — Lotus Eaters — Slaying of the Sacred Cattle by the Sailors — Their destruction — Ulysses in the

æacia — His Arrival in Ithaca — Suitors of Penelope — Her Deliverance by Ulysses. Ques. Who was Ulysses? Ans. He was k

mned, and put to death. Ulysses distinguished himself during the war, by his wisdom and prudence in council, and his coura

adventures of minor importance, the ships of the hero were overtaken by a storm which drove them southward for nine days,

es sent some of his companions on shore. They were kindly entertained by the Lotus-eaters, who regaled them with their own

s in that country. Ulysses was obliged to have these men dragged away by force, and even then, it was necessary to bind th

ing their wants might be. They were detained a long time at Thrinakia by contrary winds; and Ulysses bound his companions

time at Thrinakia by contrary winds; and Ulysses bound his companions by an oath that they would not touch the sacred herd

they would not touch the sacred herds. They were, however, so pressed by famine that they ventured one day, in the absence

the sacred cattle; vainly endeavoring to propitiate the offended god, by offering a portion in sacrifice. Ulysses returnin

formed a raft from the fragments of his ship, and was at length cast by the waves upon the island of the nymph Calypso. T

nt storm arose, in which he would have perished had he not been aided by a compassionate sea nymph; Minerva, also, smoothe

return; for this purpose the hero disguised himself as a beggar, and by the aid of Minerva, so changed his whole appearan

or any one to recognize him. In this character he was kindly received by Eumæus, a swine-herd, from whom he learned all th

ell dead, and as the others rushed forward, Telemachus placed himself by his father’s side, with Eumæus and other armed re

scription of the rejoicings which followed, and the happiness enjoyed by Ulysses and Penelope after their long separation.

urt of Strophius — Pylades — Murder of Clytemnestra — Orestes pursued by the Furies — Discovery of Iphigenia at Tauris — C

y the Furies — Discovery of Iphigenia at Tauris — Circumstances added by the Tragic Poets — Hector — Character and Exploit

time of his father’s assassination, Orestes, then a child, was saved by his sister Electra, who sent him secretly to thei

so true and constant that it passed into a proverb. Orestes was urged by messages from his sister Electra, to avenge the m

, to avenge the murder of his father, and her counsels were confirmed by the responses of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi.

the responses of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. Orestes, accompanied by his friend Pylades [Pyl′ades], repaired in disgui

temnestra and Ægisthus with his own hand. This act, however justified by the guilt of Clytemnestra, and the express comman

bhorrent to nature, and could not pass unavenged. Orestes was pursued by the Furies, and wandered frantic and despairing f

wandered frantic and despairing from land to land, always accompanied by the faithful Pylades. The oracle of Apollo was co

dd many incidents to the story of Orestes. They say that when pursued by the Furies, he took refuge in the temple of Apoll

By the command of that god, he repaired to Athens, where he was tried by the court of Areopagus. The judges were divided i

y postpone the ruin of his country for a little time. Not discouraged by this, he performed prodigies of valor, and slew,

m′ache]. He fell as we have seen, and this event was shortly followed by the overthrow of his father’s kingdom. Hector was

er; and his character is perhaps the noblest which has been described by any writer of antiquity. When Troy was taken, Cal

hen Troy was taken, Calchas excited much uneasiness among the Greeks, by a prediction, that if Astyanax [Asty′anax], the s

igent search was therefore made for the child, who had been concealed by his mother in the recesses of Hector’s tomb. Here

y his mother in the recesses of Hector’s tomb. Here he was discovered by Ulysses. Disregarding the prayers of the unhappy

Œdipus was the son of Laius [La′ius], king of Thebes. He was exposed by his father immediately on his birth, to avoid the

lfillment of an oracle which declared that Laius was destined to fall by the hand of one of his children. Œdipus was found

destined to fall by the hand of one of his children. Œdipus was found by a herdsman, who brought him to Polybus [Pol′ybus]

ls, it was proposed that Eteocles and Polynices should decide the war by single combat. The brothers fought with such anim

fended nobly the pious act which she had performed, and was condemned by the tyrant to be entombed alive. The misfortunes

live. The misfortunes of Œdipus and his children have been celebrated by three Greek tragedians: Æschylus, Sophocles and E

e is beautifully drawn. We have the sternest heroism, tempered always by the tenderness of filial piety and sisterly devot

erm, I deem that death a blessing. Who that lives Like me encompassed by unnumbered ills, But would account it blessedness

erview with Andromache at Epirus — Prophecy of Helenus — Æneas driven by a Storm on the Coast of Africa — Received by Dido

f Helenus — Æneas driven by a Storm on the Coast of Africa — Received by Dido at Carthage — Departure of Æneas — Death of

Anchises [Anchi′ses]. He was born on Mount Ida, where he was nurtured by the Dryads until he had attained his fifth year,

cepting Hector only, there was no Trojan who so distinguished himself by his valor. When Troy was taken, Æneas made his es

his shoulders the aged Anchises, and leading his little son Ascanius by the hand. His wife was separated from him in the

fe was separated from him in the confusion and darkness, and perished by the sword of the enemy. Anchises bore with him th

the sacred Penates of Troy, and his household gods. Æneas was joined by the greater part of the Trojans, both men and wom

ght to Anchises, and revealed to him that Italy was the land allotted by the Fates to the exiled Trojans. Æneas recalled a

aly. In the seventh year of their wanderings, the Trojans were driven by a storm on the coast of Africa; here they were ki

by a storm on the coast of Africa; here they were kindly entertained by Dido, who was then engaged in the erection of her

red many months in idle pleasure, and Æneas was only roused to action by the direct intervention of the gods. Jupiter sent

seeing much that was wonderful, and passing through regions inhabited by different classes of departed souls, they entered

ion to gratify the vanity of Augustus and the great families of Rome, by introducing their names and actions in the prophe

at length in the mouth of the Tiber. The country around was governed by a prince named Latinus, the son of Faunus and the

n promised to Turnus, prince of the Rutulians, but Latinus was warned by an oracle that his destined son-in-law was to com

that prince believed that the Trojan chief was the person pointed out by the oracle, and invited him to his palace. All no

the death of Turnus, but we have some further particulars handed down by tradition. Æneas built a city, called from his br

people under the common name of Latins. The new kingdom was attacked by several of the neighboring princes, led by Mezent

e new kingdom was attacked by several of the neighboring princes, led by Mezentius, king of Etruria. Æneas defeated the al

illed in the moment of victory. The family of Julii, made illustrious by Julius Cæsar, claimed descent from Iulus, grandso

estruction — Opinions entertained regarding these Verses — Divination by Omens — The Augurs — Different Classes of Omens —

The Sibyllæ, or Sibyls, were certain females, supposed to be inspired by Heaven, who flourished at different times and in

s came to Italy, and six centuries still remained of the time granted by Apollo. She accompanied Æneas on his visit to the

d to be in danger. When the Capitol was burned in the troubles raised by Sylla, the Sibylline Verses are said by some to h

burned in the troubles raised by Sylla, the Sibylline Verses are said by some to have perished in the conflagration. It is

in existence as late as the fourth century, when they were destroyed by command of the Emperor Honorius. Various collecti

w dispensation. It has been thought that these passages were invented by later Christian writers, but Bishop Horsley, a le

advent was approaching, existed even among the pagans. Divination by Omens — The Augurs. Ques. Who were the Augurs

thunder, lightning, comets, etc. The second kind of omen was obtained by observing the cries and the flight of birds. In t

ius Pulcher,) when about to engage the fleet of the enemy, was warned by the Augurs that the sacred chickens would not eat

who supposed that their commander had forfeited the favor of the gods by this act of sacrilege. Omens were drawn from the

odona — Manner of giving Responses — Oracle of Delphi — Account given by Diodorus — The Pythia — Remarkable Responses — Un

onses — Unsuccessful attempts made to plunder this Temple — Despoiled by Nero and others — Oracle of Trophonius — Story of

rother — Agamedes — Discovery of the Oracle — Peculiar Rites observed by the Votaries — Oracle of Jupiter Ammon — Its Situ

e Votaries — Oracle of Jupiter Ammon — Its Situation — Temple founded by Bacchus — Expedition sent by Cambyses — Ruins sti

r Ammon — Its Situation — Temple founded by Bacchus — Expedition sent by Cambyses — Ruins still existing — Fons Solis — Ac

sent by Cambyses — Ruins still existing — Fons Solis — Account given by Belzoni — Oracle of Esculapius at Epidaurus — Rem

cle of Esculapius at Epidaurus — Remarkable Embassy sent to Epidaurus by the Roman Senate — Treatment of Votaries in the d

hese Oracles — Quotation from Milton. Ques. What do you understand by oracles? Ans. The places where the heathen divin

scertained. In the earlier times Jupiter gave answers to his votaries by means of a so-called vocal oak or beach. Brazen i

ents, suspended from the higher branches, clashed together when moved by the wind. The priestesses who were appointed to e

r, the Corcyrians presented to the temple a brazen caldron surmounted by a figure of the same metal; the statue held in it

ach having an astragalus (a small bone) at the end. These, when moved by the winds, struck the caldron, and produced so co

however, prevent them from accusing the priestess of being influenced by bribes when they were dissatisfied with her answe

odona was probably the most ancient in Greece. The temple was founded by the Pelasgi long before the siege of Troy; it was

the Pelasgi long before the siege of Troy; it was partially destroyed by the Ætolians during the Social War, and it would

when under the influence of the vapor were considered to be inspired by Apollo; crowds came to consult the oracle; a temp

e god. The Pythia could not prophesy until she had become intoxicated by the vapor from the sanctuary. This effect was not

ason. When Apollo was favorably disposed, his approach was made known by the moving of a laurel that stood before the gate

then seen to tremble in every leaf. The Pythia was obliged to prepare by fasts, sacrifices and purifications before she as

hole body. She then spoke prophetic words, which were carefully noted by the attendant priests. The oracles were sometimes

commonly in prose; in the latter case they were immediately versified by poets employed for that purpose. Many remarkable

poets employed for that purpose. Many remarkable oracles are recorded by Herodotus as having been delivered at Delphi, but

result of his expedition against the Medes. The Pythia told him that by crossing the river Halys he would ruin a great em

ing fulfilled. There is no doubt that the Pythia was often influenced by persuasion or bribes, and many illustrious person

the oracles they desired. The temple of Apollo at Delphi was enriched by the offerings of different princes, and the surro

nother in the magnificence of their gifts. The building was destroyed by fire in the year 548 B. C., but was soon rebuilt.

a sum equal to ten million dollars. Still later Delphi was threatened by the Gauls, under their king Brennus. According to

king Brennus. According to Pausanias, the city and temple were saved by Pan, as we have seen in the account given of that

han five hundred statues of bronze. The temple was finally dismantled by Constantine the Great, who adorned his Hippodrome

issued the sacred vapor, but some have thought it might be discovered by searching in the central part of the ruins of the

served in consulting this oracle? Ans. The votary was first purified by solemn ablutions; then, after offering sacrifice,

fice, and drinking of a water called Lethe, or oblivion, he descended by means of ladders into the first, or upper cavern.

ition of honey. They were then carried downwards with great force, as by the current of a rapid river. In the mysterious d

Trophonius never smiled and we should judge, from the accounts given by ancient writers, that they were subjected to a tr

Ammon? Ans. It was situated in an oasis of the Libyan desert, called by the ancients Ammon, and by the modern Arabs, Siwa

d in an oasis of the Libyan desert, called by the ancients Ammon, and by the modern Arabs, Siwah. It is about five degrees

t five degrees west of Cairo. The temple is said to have been founded by Bacchus under the following circumstances. While

ecame celebrated as an oracle, and was enriched, like that of Delphi, by splendid offerings. When Cambyses [Camby′ses] inv

expedition, it seems probable that the Persians were purposely misled by their Egyptian guides, and thus perished in the d

f Jupiter. The site of this temple was discovered in the last century by an English traveller, but the latest and best acc

ury by an English traveller, but the latest and best account is given by Belzoni, who visited it in 1816. The oasis is abo

e Sun, which does not, however, correspond with the description given by Herodotus. According to that historian, this foun

ues. Where was the oracle of Æsculapius? Ans. This god was consulted by the sick in many places, but his most celebrated

to sleep in the temple, and we should judge, from the accounts given by ancient writers, that they were subjected to a tr

animal magnetism, or mesmerism. The temple of Epidaurus was plundered by Sylla to defray the expenses of the war against M

direct agency of evil spirits. We read in Scripture that Satan spoke by the mouths of the possessed, and none were more l

ny instances are recorded where Christians imposed silence on oracles by pronouncing the name of Jesus Christ, or by the s

mposed silence on oracles by pronouncing the name of Jesus Christ, or by the sign of the cross; and sometimes the same eff

by the sign of the cross; and sometimes the same effect was produced by their simple presence in the temple. Ques. At wh

Ans. They were very ancient; their first institution was attributed by the Greeks to Hercules. They were revived by Iphi

stitution was attributed by the Greeks to Hercules. They were revived by Iphitus, king of Elis, who obtained for them the

ed only from the year 776, B. C., although the games had been revived by Iphitus more than a century earlier. The Olympic

pure Hellenic blood, and that their characters had never been stained by any base or immoral act. So great was the importa

rs. It is almost impossible for us to realize the importance attached by the Greeks to a victory gained in any of these ex

e in the sacred grove of Olympia, which was said to have been brought by Hercules from the land of the Hyperboreans. A pal

he same time placed in the victor’s hand, and his name was proclaimed by the herald. On his return home, more distinguishe

ore distinguished honors awaited him. He entered his native city, not by the gate, but through a breach made in the walls

reach made in the walls for his reception. Banquets were given to him by his friends, at which odes were sung in honor of

games. The Greek historians relate that three couriers were received by Philip of Macedon on the same day, each being the

is believed, no woman ever attempted. The portrait of Cynisca, drawn by the great Apelles, was afterwards placed in the s

om were the Pythian Games instituted? Ans. According to Greek fable, by Apollo himself, in commemoration of his victory o

Ne′mea], a city of Argolis, celebrated as the haunt of the lion slain by Hercules. They were said to have been restored by

t of the lion slain by Hercules. They were said to have been restored by that hero, and were celebrated every third year.

to a sea deity. After falling into neglect, these games were restored by Theseus. They were celebrated every five years, a

and continued to be solemnized even after the destruction of Corinth by the Romans. The victors were at first rewarded wi

f pine leaves, but this custom was changed, and the pine was replaced by a crown of withered parsley. Chapter XLI. Thea

of Ibycus — Attempt made to revive the Ancient Chorus — Time occupied by Theatrical Entertainments — Their cost — Comparis

atre stood on the southeastern side of the eminence which was crowned by the noble buildings of the Acropolis. From the le

ersons arose, range above range; higher still, the whole was enclosed by a lofty portico adorned with statues and surmount

e was enclosed by a lofty portico adorned with statues and surmounted by a balustraded terrace. For the convenience of ent

entering and leaving, the tiers of benches were divided at intervals, by passages extending around the theatre, and again

g around the theatre, and again transversely, into wedge-like masses, by flights of steps which radiated from the lowest t

was the semicircular orchestra, or pit, which was generally occupied by the chorus. Elevated above the orchestra, and opp

per, and formed a quadrangle called the proscenium. This was enclosed by lofty buildings of stone-work, representing exter

ure of the play rendered it necessary, these buildings were concealed by painted scenes. In the greater number of tragedie

ugh in the portico or court of a palace. There were also contrivances by which a portion of the interior might be exposed

e exposed to view. The rank of the personages was generally indicated by the particular door at which they entered; that i

roscenium being reserved for royalty. Wonderful effects were produced by the use of the machinery which was disposed behin

machinery which was disposed behind the walls of the stage. Supported by ropes, or iron cranes, carefully concealed, gods

Heroes also ascended to Olympus, and were hidden at length from view by scenic clouds. In the Prometheus of Æschylus, Oce

rtion of the size of the head with the rest of the body, was obviated by two different contrivances. The cothurnus, or bus

t admitted on the Greek stage; the female parts were always performed by men, wearing appropriate wigs and masks. It has b

e to the Greeks, than to see the part of Apollo or Hercules performed by an actor with strongly marked or ordinary feature

always remained in the orchestra. The singing was always accompanied by dances which varied according to the nature of th

ir fleshless hands, and their aspect was rendered still more terrible by the frightful masks which appeared beneath their

lyric poet, was on his way to the Isthmian games, when he was waylaid by two robbers. The unhappy bard called in vain for

aid; no human help was near; but his last, despairing cry was echoed by the hoarse scream of a flock of cranes which was

lling the hearts of all who heard. They sang of the happiness enjoyed by the pure of heart, of the good man whose dwelling

the pure of heart, of the good man whose dwelling was never darkened by their shadow. Then the blood of the listeners gre

his speech had been addressed. The wretched murderers, thus betrayed by their own guilty fears, confessed the crime, and

nd suffered the punishment they had deserved. Attempts have been made by French and German tragedians, to revive the ancie

e were three or four distinct representations during the day, divided by short intervals of repose. During these, the audi

and obtained a decree that even this trifling sum should be furnished by the magistrates to the poorer class of citizens.

e cost of the entertainments must have been heavy, if we are to judge by the descriptions given of the scenic arrangements

was one of the most beautiful of the Greek temples, and was enriched by the hand of Phidias with statues and other orname

eauty for more than a century after his death. It was first despoiled by Lachares, who stripped the statue of Minerva of i

ted the Parthenon into a powder magazine; it was unfortunately struck by a bomb, and the entire edifice was reduced to its

hey are called “Elgin Marbles,” because they were brought from Greece by Lord Elgin. Ques. Describe the Venus de Medicis?

icis family. An inscription on its base informs us that it was carved by Cleomenes, an Athenian sculptor, 200 B. C. The ar

he Apollo. The goddess is engaged in the chase, and a hind is running by her side. One hand is lifted to draw an arrow fro

blematic representation — Rites of Isis forbidden at Rome — Condemned by Juvenal — Apis — Manner of transmigration — Festi

he daughter of Inachus, who was more generally known to the Egyptians by the name of Isis. Osiris was cruelly murdered by

own to the Egyptians by the name of Isis. Osiris was cruelly murdered by his brother Typhon. Isis, after a long search, fo

wards revived. The abuses attending it are mentioned with indignation by the poet Juvenal. Ques. Who was Apis? Ans. He w

d period. If he attained the age of twenty-five years, he was drowned by the attendant priests in the sacred cistern; his

On the death of Apis, whether it occurred in the course of nature or by violence, the whole country was plunged into mour

or was found. The animal into whom the divinity had passed, was known by many extraordinary marks; a square white spot on

s and Carthaginians — Worship of Baal introduced among the Israelites by Achab — Reproaches of Jeremias — Moloch — Nations

Human Sacrifices — Representation of this God — His Worship forbidden by Moses — Valley of Hinnom — Quotation from Milton

ses attending her Festivals — Thammuz identical with Adonis — Mourned by the Assyrian Women — Lines from Milton — Vision o

furnace placed at the foot of the idol. Ques. Was Moloch worshipped by the Jews? Ans. Yes; it would seem that they were

sraelites, under pain of death, to dedicate their children to Moloch, by passing them through fire. Solomon built a temple

with such Audacious neighborhood, the wisest heart Of Solomon he led by fraud to build His temple right against the templ

e type of Hell.” Ques. Who was Astaroth? Ans. This goddess, called by the Greeks Astarte, represented the moon, in the

ding these more innocent offerings, her worship was rendered infamous by the license which prevailed during these festival

h prevailed during these festivals, and the open immorality practised by her votaries. Thammuz. Ques. Who was Thamm

the iniquities committed in Jerusalem, says that he saw women sitting by the north gate of the temple, who mourned for Ado

elve hundred years before our era. Ques. Was the Zend-avesta written by Zoroaster? Ans. But a small portion, if any, of

? Ans. But a small portion, if any, of the Sacred Books were written by him, but the most ancient passages, which are in

were lost in the troubled times that followed the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great. Ques. What is the form of t

over subterranean fires. Ques. Is there any such fire now reverenced by them? Ans. Yes, near the town of Bakoo in Georgi

ere is a perpetual flame issuing from a limestone rock. It is watched by priests, and is much venerated by the surrounding

rom a limestone rock. It is watched by priests, and is much venerated by the surrounding tribes. Pilgrimages are made to t

f Zoroaster suppressed in Persia? Ans. After the conquest of Persia, by the Arabs, which took place in the seventh centur

he Vedas are the Sacred Books of the Hindoos, and are much reverenced by them. They maintain that they were composed by Br

nd are much reverenced by them. They maintain that they were composed by Brahma, the Supreme Deity, at the creation. Ques

remote period; they say the present arrangement of the Vedas was made by a sage named Vyasa, some five thousand years ago.

uld be accidental. It is supposed this book was written after our era by some one who had heard imperfect accounts of the

lished. The Pariahs are being gradually raised from their degradation by the efforts of Christian missionaries. Buddha.

ssionaries. Buddha. Ques. Who was Buddha? Ans. Buddha is said by the Vedas to have been a delusive incarnation of

years before our era. He was the son of a king, and was distinguished by wisdom, virtue and every personal gift. He was so

ndia. Buddha died at the age of eighty. Ques. Was Buddhism tolerated by the Brahmins? Ans. It appears that for several c

it worship; the priests of this sect teach that the world is governed by an infinite number of spirits. The chief of these

der, is called the “Doctrine of the Lettered;” the second is regarded by its professors as the primitive religion of the a

tes was born. Confucius was carefully educated in virtue and learning by his widowed mother. At her death he retired, acco

he set himself up as a teacher, and his disciples were soon numbered by tens of thousands. Confucius travelled through th

iples. We read that he paid a visit to Lao-tze, and was so confounded by the sublime wisdom of that philosopher, that on h

thought, refusing to speak, or answer any of the questions put to him by his disciples. Confucius enjoyed unbounded popula

hich no superstitious idea was attached. As they were assured of this by the most learned men of the Empire, they permitte

in Persia and Syria. The Ten Tribes had just been dispersed over Asia by the conquests of Salmanasar; and it is not possib

Ans. In his writings he declares plainly that the world was erected by a threefold divinity. His followers, however, lik

nd praise the sect to which he does not belong. These compliments end by all repeating in chorus a proverbial phrase to th

orship and sorcery, but these are generally looked upon with aversion by the more virtuous among their brethren. Ques. Wh

of Buddha. He is also a temporal sovereign, although he is controlled by the Chinese government. Ques. How is the line pe

savage grandeur and sublimity. Ques. Was this mythology transmitted by oral tradition only? Ans. This must have been th

ns. It is impossible to say. The oldest, or poetic Edda, was compiled by Sâmund Sigfûsson, an Icelandic priest, about the

which sprung the Frost Giant and his progeny; also the cow Audhumbla, by whose milk the giant was nourished. The Frost Gia

charged with hail and snow. Odin next regulated the days and seasons by placing the sun and moon in the heavens, and appo

, the plants and trees began to bud and sprout. The three gods walked by the side of the sea, admiring their new creation,

se earthquakes. The root that extends into Asgard is carefully tended by three Norns, who correspond to the Fates of Greek

respond to the Fates of Greek mythology. Asgard could only be entered by crossing the bridge Bifrost, (the rainbow). Ques

him not to wonder at this, as her thoughts had been so much occupied by her approaching nuptials that she had not eaten f

uptials that she had not eaten for many days. When Thrym was startled by the fiery eyes he saw gleaming from beneath the b

ved Thor in this adventure; on another occasion he incurred his wrath by an injury offered to Sif or Sifa, his wife. The h

rs, and was a friend of the elves, or good fairies. Freya was invoked by lovers, and seems to have been a sort of Scandina

kering light, which flashes up over the northern skies, and is called by men, “Aurora Borealis,” or “Northern Lights.”

them to him. When they came, he threw the serpent into the deep ocean by which the earth is surrounded. The monster soon g

d not break. It was fabricated of the roots of stones, the noise made by the footfall of a cat, and other equally absurd a

was the son of Odin, good and exceedingly beautiful. He was tormented by terrible dreams, indicating that his life was in

cks, stones and all manner of weapons at the hero, who was not harmed by anything. Loki, with his usual malice, was determ

nd asked, who among them would show his love for her, and for Baldur, by procuring the deliverance of the hero. Not having

n the gloom. On the tenth, he came to a dark river, which was spanned by a bridge of gold; this was the entrance into Hell

a salmon, and hid among the stones of a brook. He was taken, however, by Thor, who caught him by the tail, and compressed

the stones of a brook. He was taken, however, by Thor, who caught him by the tail, and compressed it so, that all salmons

ent was suspended over his head, whose venom falls upon his face drop by drop. One comfort is allowed him; his wife Siguna

s face drop by drop. One comfort is allowed him; his wife Siguna sits by his side, and catches the drops as they fall, in

groups. Divination was anciently practiced among the northern nations by means of sticks of different lengths. These were

First will come a triple winter, during which clouds of snow, driven by piercing winds from the four quarters of the heav

or gladness. Three such winters will pass away without being tempered by a single summer. Three other winters will then fo

f Scandinavia. Odin and other Scandinavian divinities were worshipped by the tribes who dwelt along the borders of the Nor

rstitions. Tuisco (sometimes written Tuesco or Tuisto) was worshipped by the Saxons as the god of war. The third day of th

ation of the Word Druid — Origin of Druidical Worship — Account given by Cæsar — Characteristics — Divinities worshipped b

ip — Account given by Cæsar — Characteristics — Divinities worshipped by the Druids — Esus — His Attributes — Bel — Teutat

ses — Of the Loire — Of the Island of Sena — Human Sacrifices offered by Druidesses — Virgins of Tara — Sacrifices offered

crifices offered by Druidesses — Virgins of Tara — Sacrifices offered by the Druids — Victims chosen — Belief of the Druid

metempsychosis. The religion of the Druids was farther characterized by the use of circular temples, open at the top; the

nt Greek writer. “Apollo,” he says, “is worshipped with solemn rites by the inhabitants of a large island, which lies off

ff the coast of Gaul, in the Northern Ocean. This island is inhabited by the Hyperboreans, so named because they live beyo

secrated to him.” It is generally supposed that the temple alluded to by Diodorus, was the Druidical circle of Stonehenge,

from “Tut-tat,” signifying “parent of men.” This god was much honored by the Gauls, who attributed to him the invention of

, according to their usual policy, to conciliate the conquered tribes by adopting their gods, and placing their images in

les which they built. We read that Zenodorus, a famous sculptor, said by some to have been a native of Gaul, executed a st

ge of the motions of the heavenly bodies, since they counted the year by lunations; astronomical instruments have also bee

ervations of the celestial bodies. The healing art was also practised by the Druids. The effect of their remedies was not,

ysterious virtue residing in certain plants, and rendered efficacious by the magic rites with which they were gathered. Th

ued for certain mysterious properties; it was manufactured into beads by the Druids, and these were given as charms to war

phabet contained seventeen letters, and resembled the characters used by the ancient Pelasgi. It is probable, therefore, t

lic or private, but the mystic learning of the Druids was handed down by oral tradition only. The few inscriptions they ha

were excommunicated and outlawed. The college of Druids was governed by a chief or Arch-druid, chosen by vote from among

. The college of Druids was governed by a chief or Arch-druid, chosen by vote from among their number. The elections were

es to the wildest transports of frenzy. A peculiar rite was practised by the Druidesses who resided in an island at the mo

t of the sacred material, her fate was sealed. She was torn to pieces by her companions, amid paroxysms of wild frenzy whi

the Cimbri had taken prisoners of war, they were offered in sacrifice by these terrible women. The chief Druidess, standin

ed in sacrifice by these terrible women. The chief Druidess, standing by a rude stone altar, received the victim dragged t

, standing by a rude stone altar, received the victim dragged thither by her companions. She plunged her knife into his he

osed on the province of Leinster. Ques. What sacrifices were offered by the Druids? Ans. In time of peace, fruits and ca

e were passed from hand to hand, and the country was soon illuminated by the Baal fires which blazed on every hill. The ch

carcely have they entered these, when the light craft is weighed down by a ghostly band. The terrified pilot has no need o

d may we fix the decline of Druidism? Ans. It was suppressed in Gaul by the Roman conquerors, who built temples, and intr

ds, adopting also those of the conquered race. Druidism retired, step by step, before this more classic heathenism, but fo

ook refuge in the island of Mona or Anglesea, whence they were driven by the Roman troops with great slaughter. They found

the sixth century, when the inhabitants of the island were converted by the preaching of St. Columba, the Apostle of the

groups of two or three, they probably mark a spot rendered memorable by some important event. Similar monuments were comm

Jacob marked in the same manner the spot on which he had been favored by a celestial vision. In certain places on the Scan

andstone, supposed to have been an altar. This cromlech is surrounded by a trench and an earthen embankment. Numerous anci

oe to the avaricious wretch who lingers over the spoil. He is crushed by the swift returning stones, and the morning sun f

, while on the other, their sacrifices and public worship were marked by a spirit of unexampled ferocity. Ques. How has t

ward towards the fabled land of Tlapallan. Quetzalcoatl was described by the Mexicans as tall, with a fair complexion, lon

of the Spaniards. It is evident that Quetzalcoatl was the name given by the Mexicans to some beneficent ruler who instruc

njectured that he was indeed a native of the Eastern hemisphere, cast by some strange accident among the simple natives of

d odors of its sacred groves. Ques. What peculiar rite was practised by the Aztecs in the naming of their children? Ans.

e other hand, the obsequies of an Aztec noble were always accompanied by the sacrifice of unoffending slaves, the number o

d their education. These schools, as well as those for boys, directed by the priests, were under the strictest discipline.

and was annexed to each temple, and the priests were further enriched by first fruits and other offerings. This large prov

ighted even on the darkest night. The ascent was made, in some cases, by a stairway which led directly up the centre of th

art of Mexico was formerly named. Ques. What sacrifices were offered by the Aztecs? Ans. Their sacrifices present the sa

oltec origin; the dreadful practice of human sacrifice was introduced by the Aztec conquerors, whose wars were often under

in sacrifice, but Tlaloc, the god of rain, could only be propitiated by the blood of young children and infants. In seaso

he chief gods, who was called the “Soul of the World,” was celebrated by the sacrifice of a single victim, with regard to

chosen from among the captives. He was splendidly attired, surrounded by every luxury, and was received everywhere with th

gth he broke his lute, and cast it aside. He then threw from him, one by one, his chaplets of flowers, and stood unadorned

st of Raymi — Resemblance of certain Peruvian Rites to those observed by the Ancient Romans — Virgins of the Sun — Burial

Rites of the Peruvians — Cupay. Ques. What deities were worshipped by the ancient Peruvians? Ans. Like most of the rac

le-hearted natives were not slow to appreciate the benefits conferred by the messengers of heaven: a large community was g

zco was founded in the valley. The monarchy thus formed, was governed by the Incas, who claimed descent from Manco-Capac a

ction, invented at a later period to gratify the vanity of the Incas, by attributing to their race a celestial origin. The

s on the shores of Lake Titicaca prove that this region was inhabited by a powerful, and comparatively civilized people, l

the heart of the city. The interior of the temple has been described, by those who saw it in its glory, as being literally

ts glory, as being literally a mine of precious metals. It was called by the natives Coricancha, or “Place of Gold.” On th

stivals of the Sun? Ans. The solstices and equinoxes were celebrated by four great festivals; but the most solemn was the

l of Raymi, the sacred fire was obtained, as under the reign of Numa, by means of a concave mirror of polished metal. The

s overcast, which was esteemed a very bad omen, the fire was obtained by means of friction. This fire was watched by the V

en, the fire was obtained by means of friction. This fire was watched by the Virgins of the Sun. Ques. Who were these? A

hair of the vicuña, the hangings of the temples and the garments worn by the Inca and his household. They were completely

s. The body was embalmed, not, as in Egypt, with gums and spices, but by simple exposure to the cold, dry and rarefied atm

it whom they called Cupay, but they did not attempt to propitiate him by any form of worship. Cupay seems, in fact, to hav

ained the victory over all his competitors. He was at length defeated by a younger rival, Sophocles. He retired the same y

acuse, and some writers attribute this step to the mortification felt by the poet on this occasion. Others say that he was

nian mysteries. The people were about to stone him, when he was saved by the presence of mind of his brother Aminias. The

rudent, however, to retire to Sicily, where he was kindly entertained by Hiero. His death is said to have occurred in a ve

the tortoise for the purpose of breaking the shell, and he was killed by the blow, thus verifying a prophecy that his deat

rophecy that his death would come from on high. Of the dramas written by Æschylus, but seven remain. Of these, the most ad

e, he found time to devote to literary pursuits. Of the works written by him on various subjects, both in prose and verse,

rd to the inhabitants of ancient Gaul. Cæsar was not surpassed, even by the writers of the Augustan age, in clearness and

ndered many other signal services to his country, was basely murdered by the order of the second Triumvirate, in the year

a Greek tragedian, was born in 480 B. C., on the day rendered famous by the victory of Salamis. After gaining a high repu

d the desired effect, and was the immediate cause of the edict issued by Antoninus in favor of the Christians. St. Justin

icence, and his banquets surpassed, in taste and display, those given by Augustus himself. The later years of Mæcenas offe

reatness. His constitution, which had never been strong, was weakened by excess. He was tormented by constant wakefulness,

which had never been strong, was weakened by excess. He was tormented by constant wakefulness, and this great man, with th

sacrificed both wealth and power for the common boon of sleep enjoyed by the meanest of his slaves. In vain the physicians

ns, regardless of the remonstrances of his friends, he was suffocated by the noxious vapors of the volcano. His body was d

ng the high offices of quæstor, consul and augur, Pliny was appointed by Trajan governor of Bithynia. It was from this cou

hat the poet was not believed to have forfeited the favor of the gods by his avarice. While residing at the court of Scopa

ile residing at the court of Scopas, king of Thessaly, he was engaged by that prince to compose a poem in his honor for an

excellence in the arts of poetry and music, Sophocles was considered by his admiring countrymen as an especial favorite o

lustre of national glory and personal renown, the evening was clouded by the misfortunes of his country, and domestic unha

s-potamos completed the misfortunes of Athens. He was deeply lamented by the Athenians, who seem to forget the calamities

is own gratification, and in the pursuit of knowledge, but afterwards by the order of Augustus. He was already advanced in

thing of their origin, but had a vague tradition that they were built by giants in a single night. They regarded them, the

ch is 10 ft. high, and 13 ft. broad, with an opening, 6 ft. 4 inches, by 3 ft. 2 inches, the whole being cut from a single

friend of the author. The life of Varro was eventful: he was favored by Julius Cæsar, proscribed by Antony, and passed hi

ife of Varro was eventful: he was favored by Julius Cæsar, proscribed by Antony, and passed his later years in literary ea

s and accuracy. Considering these real defects, and that the work was by an author who was little known, and on a subject

fects, it is plain that they thought them to be more than compensated by its merits. Of the present Edition I think I may

is country. Its size and necessary price (the present containing more by a fifth than the former edition) are perhaps insu

ty. I am far however from expecting that full justice will be done us by the legislature. We are a small and a disunited p

he author. Theirs indeed is but too often the lion’s share, as I know by my own experience. For the Outlines of History in

sum bears little proportion to what the proprietors have already made by it, and the copyright has yet twenty years to run

t the world see how inadequate is the remuneration sometimes received by the authors of even the most successful works. I

years. Otherwise the great publishers will be almost the only gainers by a change in the law ; for most authors will trans

with respect to the plates ; and should mythology ever become popular by means of this work, they surely are entitled to s

notion of regarding the sun and the earth under a conjugal relation, by which we have explained the mythe of Niobe, was,

ween the night and the day.» Perhaps the idea was suggested to Sidney by Psalm xix. 5. Tasso in his Rime Amorose (canz. vi

li annis lxiiii. cœlesti patronæ Actius L.» The practice of swearing by the Juno is alluded to by Javenal ; when, lashing

atronæ Actius L.» The practice of swearing by the Juno is alluded to by Javenal ; when, lashing the unnatural effeminacy

bera of the Romans were the Demeter, Dionysos and Kora of the Greeks, by whom Dionysos does not seem to have been united w

oducts of the earth ? From the employment of the plural (ναών, ναοὺѕ) by Dionysius we may further infer that the temple at

TES. Plate I. 1. Zeus conquering the Giants. Cameo, engraved by Atheniôn. G. M. 33. Bracci, Intagliator, i. 30. —

relief in the Villa Albani. G. M. 31. — 4. Eôs in a chariot, preceded by Eosphoros. Painting on a Vase. G. M. 93. Plat

s. Round Altar. G. M. 28. (See Plate ii. 3.) — 5. Hermes, accompanied by Spring, demanding Persephone from Hades. Bas-reli

. — 5. Adonis dying in the Arms of Aphrodite. Ancient Painting copied by Mengs. G. M. 170. Plate VI. 1. Demeter and

. 170. Plate VI. 1. Demeter and Triptolemos in a chariot drawn by dragons ; he has in his chlamys the seed which he

a Candelabrum. G. M. 134. Mus. Pio Clem. iv. 6. — 3. Hermes. Intaglio by Dioscorrhides. G. M. 206. Bracci, Memor. ii. 65. 

ng on a Vase. G. M. 246. — 3. Dionysos and Demeter in a chariot drawn by Centaurs and Centauresses : he holds a dioton and

and revolutions ; the marvellous tales of distant lands brought home by mariners and travellers ; and the moral or physic

called domestic ; or those of ancient or distant nations, handed down by tradition or brought home by voyagers, and these

ancient or distant nations, handed down by tradition or brought home by voyagers, and these we may entitle foreign. The s

f viewing them, as much events as the former, as they were propounded by their inventors in the historic or narrative form

the incredible. Origin of Mythology. It is an interesting but by no means an easy task to trace out and explain th

rly those which are of rare occurrence. The less the mind is expanded by culture, the more powerful is the operation of th

e single mind. Either then the true idea of One God has been resolved by the vulgar into that of a plurality ; or the nume

that of a plurality ; or the numerous deities of the people have been by the philosopher reduced to one, possessed of the

ve thus commenced. They saw around them various changes brought about by human agency, and hence they knew the power of in

lamed along the sky, the terrified mortal regarded them as sent forth by a god who ruled the heavens ; when the sea rose i

. They had their favourites and enemies among mankind, were gratified by prayers and offerings, and severely punished slig

like man, they stood in daily need of food and repose. Chariots drawn by horses or other animals of celestial breed convey

tion of the sea or sun is not a very intelligible expression. We mean by these gods, deities presiding over and directing

them ; regents of them, in the sense in which the archangel Uriel is by Milton called the regent of the sun. Personificat

he mythic is the natural mode of representation, to which men are led by a kind of necessity, and in which they act almost

ts, which would seek to cast lustre on the origin of some noble house by placing a deity at the head of its pedigree, or t

of its pedigree, or to veil the transgression of one of its daughters by feigning that a god had penetrated the recesses o

in the high valley-plains of Arcadia, which are so completely shut in by mountains that the streams leave them by subterra

ch are so completely shut in by mountains that the streams leave them by subterranean passages, called by the ancient Arca

ountains that the streams leave them by subterranean passages, called by the ancient Arcadians Zerethra (ζέρεθρα, i. e. βέ

called by the ancient Arcadians Zerethra (ζέρεθρα, i. e. βέθρα), and by the moderns Katavóthra. The plain of the district

to Pheneos, inundated the valley, and that Hercules formed the chasms by which the waters ran off11. Others said that Hade

nder Mount Cyllene12. The moderns account for the origin of the chasm by the following legend. Two devils once possessed t

k place between them on the top of Mount Sactá, whose base was washed by the lake. The devil who lived on the west side ad

o assign the origin of animals and plants to transformations effected by the power of the gods, a practice of which we sha

r Shîrîn16. Many changes in the natural world have also been effected by the Saints, according to the popular creed in mos

nds. Thus the laws of Mena explain the difference of castes in India, by saying that the Bramins, that is the priests, wer

rence between themselves and their more fortunate southern neighbours by the following legend. The Swede and the Laplander

its name to the flower Hyacinthos ; and the legend of the boy beloved by Apollo was a later fiction. The Fasti of Ovid wil

heir true origin was unknown or had been lost, were usually explained by some legend. Of this practice also we shall meet

e ; hence the legend of Deucaliôn and Pyrrha restoring the human race by flinging stones behind them20. There was a place

letum), signifying death of Argus ; and hence arose a legend noticed by Virgil22. A part of the province of Seistân in Pe

e. half-day ; and the popular tradition is, that it was once covered by a lake, which was drained by the Jinns (i. e. Gen

r tradition is, that it was once covered by a lake, which was drained by the Jinns (i. e. Genii) in half a day 23. But, as

tions, are in various languages, particularly the Oriental, expressed by terms of kindred. The Hebrews termed sparks, sons

e bank of a lake or river may have been called its son29 ; one coming by sea have been styled a son of the sea ; and when

nd intrepidity ; and this title gave occasion to a legend, alluded to by Shakspeare32, of his combat with a lion, and pull

rich melodious language of poets and orators has been often compared by the Greeks and others to the delicious food of th

e the one which most simply and satisfactorily explains the origin of by far the greater portion of the legends of mytholo

have of late years supported this theory, and it has been maintained by Böttiger37 in Germany. II. The Philosophic : whi

s of heathenism were only a distortion of the revelations made to man by the true God ; and, at the present day, Görres, C

thology of Greece that modern inquirers hâve applied themselves ; and by the labours of Voss47, Buttmann, Müller, Völcker,

our own days, Sir William Jones and his followers have been deceived by their own imaginations, and the impostures of art

the same power as in those countries. In the Homeric poems, however, by far the earliest portion of Grecian literature, w

variety of little communities, dwelling separately, parted in general by mountains and other natural barriers. As they wer

f tales and legends. These tales of gods and heroes were communicated by wandering minstrels and travellers from one part

nded in a rich and luxuriant system of legendary lore. This is proved by the poems of Homer and Hesiod, which, exclusive o

contain, make frequent allusion to others ; some of which are related by subsequent writers, and many are altogether falle

ng existence of a race of poets, — a fact indeed sufficiently evinced by the high degree of perfection in the poetic art w

e northern foot of Mount Olympos. He has been led to this supposition by Heyne's remark, that Homer always calls the Muses

, that Homer always calls the Muses Olympian, which remark he extends by observing that the Homeric gods are the Olympian,

e time. The ancients appear to me to have gotten over this difficulty by saying, that those gods had indeed reigned, but t

, that those gods had indeed reigned, but that they had been overcome by their Zeus ; and that the goddesses had indeed co

eparting from the popular faith, or were themselves too much affected by all that environed them to dream of anything whic

on and truth ; but the vulgar still held fast to the legends hallowed by antiquity and sanctioned by governments60. A prud

r still held fast to the legends hallowed by antiquity and sanctioned by governments60. A prudent silence therefore became

 ; in which in reality many such truths had been studiously enveloped by ancient priests and sages61. After an intercourse

tain, to endeavour to show its accordance with the truths established by the philosophers, by representing them as being i

show its accordance with the truths established by the philosophers, by representing them as being involved in the ancien

ing them as being involved in the ancient mythes, which they modified by the aid of fiction and forgery so as to suit thei

e represented on the stage often varied so much from that handed down by tradition, that, as is more especially the case w

holars and the men of genius of Greece, the science of antiquity was, by the aid of the extensive royal library, assiduous

orm to the old legends68; and we may observe in the explanation given by Herodotus, after the Egyptian priests, of the leg

re69. This mode of rationalising was carried to a much greater extent by Ephorus : but the work which may be regarded as h

by Ephorus : but the work which may be regarded as having contributed by far the most to give it vogue, was the Sacred His

which meandered along, fructifying the whole region, and shaded over by luxuriant groves, in which during the days of sum

and they wore rich ornaments of gold. The priests were distinguished by their raiment of pure white linen, and their bonn

riests derived their lineage from Crete, whence they had been brought by Zeus after he had succeeded his predecessors Uran

an ancient and magnificent temple sacred to Triphylian Zeus, erected by the god himself while he was yet among men ; and

ple the deeds of Uranos, Zeus, Artemis, and Apollo had been inscribed by Hermes in Panchæic letters, which the voyager say

d obeyed him. The object of Euhemerus in inventing this Utopia, which by the way many navigators sought after but no one e

female flute-player73 The work of Euhemerus was vehemently attacked by all who retained a veneration for the old religio

ceive in the case of Diodorus of Sicily. It was translated into Latin by Ennius, of whose work some fragments remain75; an

oast of Ocean on this side, fertile as Panchaia itself, was inhabited by a people named Atlanteians, distinguished for the

named him Father, and finally placed him on the throne. Kronos, aided by the other Titans, sought to recover his dominion 

e world and the benefactor of mankind. After his death he was deified by his grateful subjects. We will not pursue any fur

same time with the historical. This mode of exposition was introduced by the sophists ; Socrates and Plato occasionally em

became Mercurius, Aphrodite Venus, and the mythes of the former were by the poets, and perhaps in the popular creed, appl

s’ shows in an agreeable manner the ideas entertained on this subject by the most accomplished Romans of his time. After t

ill greater assiduity than heretofore. The New Platonists endeavoured by its aid, in union with Oriental mysticism, to sho

iples of Euhemerus they robbed the gods of Greece of their divinity ; by that of the allegorising principle of the Stoics

ark ages ; but at the revival of learning it was eagerly laid hold on by poets and artists79, and it attracted the attenti

the attention of antiquarians and philosophers. The various theories by which it was sought to reduce it to system, which

kewise ascribed to this ancient bard. Homer and Hesiod were succeeded by a crowd of poets, who sang all the events of the

etc. There were also Heracleiæ, or poems on the subject of Hercules, by Peisander, Panyasis, and other poets, a Theseïs o

erve much mythic lore. After the epic poetry had ceased, and writing, by means of the Egyptian papyrus, was become more co

people. He has thus preserved a number of mythic narratives unnoticed by preceding writers, which had probably been transm

y requisite. Without it we shall be for ever falling into error ; and by applying to the productions of the remote and inf

em that the World was a hollow globe, divided into two equal portions by the flat disk of the Earth91. The external shell

flat disk of the Earth91. The external shell of this globe is called by the poets brazen 92 and iron,93, probably only to

rtaros. The length of the diameter of the hollow sphere is given thus by Hesiod94. It would take, he says, nine days for a

l from Heaven to Earth ; and an equal space of time would be occupied by its fall from Earth to the bottom of Tartaros. Th

was filled with eternal gloom and darkness, and its still air unmoved by any wind. The Earth occupied the centre of the Wo

. The only inhabitants of the northern portion of the earth mentioned by Homer are the Hellenes and some of the tribes of

erboreans, from which the river Ister flowed, was inaccessible either by sea or land. Apollo was their tutelar deity, to w

he Sidonians, and a people named the Erembians104, are also mentioned by Homer, and the Greeks appear to have been well ac

against the rapacious strangers. On the western margin of the earth, by the stream of Ocean, lay a happy place named the

ean of Homer and Hesiod was a river or stream. It is always so called by these poets115, and they describe the sun and the

the western side of the earth. It flowed calmly and equably, unvexed by tempests and unnavigated by man. It was termed ba

th. It flowed calmly and equably, unvexed by tempests and unnavigated by man. It was termed bark-flowing, deepflowing, sof

that only in the western part. He describes it as a region unvisited by the sun, and therefore shrouded in perpetual dark

arth118. As Homer119 represents the heaven as resting on pillars kept by Atlas, and which were on the earth, and Hesiod120

r gods125. The entrance to the city of the gods on Olympos was closed by a gate of clouds kept by the goddesses named the

o the city of the gods on Olympos was closed by a gate of clouds kept by the goddesses named the Seasons ; but the cloudy

for these doors was perhaps felt ; and they were accordingly invented by those who were resolved to leave nothing unexplai

y rose out of and sank into the Ocean stream. The only ones mentioned by name by Homer and Hesiod are the constellations O

ut of and sank into the Ocean stream. The only ones mentioned by name by Homer and Hesiod are the constellations Oriôn, th

t had commenced. Tartaros was, as we have already remarked, unvisited by the light of day. It was regarded as the prison o

gions. Such were the opinions respecting the world and its parts held by the Greeks of the heroic times, and even some age

the cosmology of the ancient Greeks, to compare with it that invented by our own great poet in his Paradise Lost, more esp

ng saphir. It stretched into plains and rose into hills, was watered by lucid streams, produced plants and flowers, and c

e of torment was of both liquid and solid fire ; it was over-canopied by a ‘fiery concave,’ and its only entrance was clos

le, impaled with circling fire Yet unconsumed. These gates were kept by Sin and Death. After the expulsion of the rebel a

e was about to create. It formed a hollow globe, and hung from Heaven by a golden chain, …………in bigness as a star Of smal

a golden chain, …………in bigness as a star Of smallest magnitude close by the moon136. The globous earth ‘self-balanced on

ing creation and similar acts down to the comprehension of tribes led by the senses, it was necessary to represent natural

and active persons ; or they felt a pleasure in exciting admiration, by the narration of the strange and wonderful advent

(έκαтόγχϵιρς), Cottos, Briareôs, and Gyes. These children were hated by their father, who, as soon as they were born, thr

Nereus,Thaumas (Wonder), Phorcys, and ‘fair-cheeked’ Keto. Nereus had by Doris, a daughter of the Titan Oceanos, the fifty

r of the Titan Oceanos, the fifty Nereïdes or sea-nymphs. Thaumas was by Electra (Brightness), another daughter of Oceanos

that guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides. Earth finally bore by Tartaros her last offspring, the hundred-headed T

s and whirlwinds. The progeny of the Titans was numerous. Oceanos had by his sister Tethys all the rivers that flow on the

Eôs (Dawn) ; and Phœbe to Coios, Asteria (Starry) and Leto. Crios had by Eurybia (Wide-strength), the daughter of Pontos14

rning-star, and the stars of heaven. Styx, a daughter of Oceanos, was by Pallas the mother of Envy and Victory, Strength a

ughter of Coios, bore to Perses Hecate. The fifth Titan, Iapetos, was by Clymene, a daughter of Oceanos, the father of fou

from his parents, Heaven and Earth, that he was fated to be deprived by one of his sons of the kingdom which he had taken

besought her parents to teach her how she might save him. Instructed by Earth, she concealed him in a cavern of Crete, an

Othrys. During ten entire years the contest was undecided ; at length by the counsel of Earth the Kronids released the Hun

in Tartaros under the guard of the Hundred-handed. The Kronids then, by the advice of Earth, gave the supreme power to Ze

surface and support the heaven ; and the barren salt Sea. United then by Love with Uranos, she gives birth to the Titans,

to look ; and when we divest our mind of the idea of the Giants given by Homer, and which became the prevalent one, we may

eed to the important mythe of the Titans, and as the view of it given by Völcker seems to us to be more correct than any p

herecydes157 commences with saying that Uranos reigned first, and had by Earth the Cyclopes and the Hundred-handed. He cas

n Tartaros. Then follows the account of the birth of the Kronids, who by freeing the Cyclopes and their brethren win the v

nd the three brothers divide the dominions of their father among them by lot159. The Titan-war, as this critic thinks, had

form. The question how Zeus came to the throne was naturally answered by the tale of a revolution and hostility between th

o traces of it anterior to the Alexandrian period, when it is noticed by Lycophrôn165 and Apollonius166. At a much later a

Lycophrôn165 and Apollonius166. At a much later age it is alluded to by Nonnus167. Milton, who, like the Alexandrians, lo

- Encroaching Eve perhaps) had first the rule Of high Olympus, thence by Saturn driven And Ops, ere yet Dictæan Jove was b

arkness preceded light, which sprang from it ; a truth here expressed by making Night the parent of Day and Æther. Night i

here Atlas supports the heavens171. Night and Day, he says, are there by turns ; when one goes in the other goes out. Day

course to perform. We do not however find a vehicle assigned to Night by Homer or Hesiod ; but succeeding poets furnished

Rhea committed her daughter Hera to the charge of Oceanos and Tethys, by whom she was carefully nurtured185. The abode of

the cup of the sungod to fetch the oxen of Geryôn, Oceanos rose, and by agitating his waters tried to terrify him, but on

s probably the Rearer, the Nurse, or Grandmother 191; some understand by it Mother Earth192. ϓπϵρίων καὶ Θϵίη. Hyperio

eia as the bestower of wealth on mortals195. The interpretation given by the ancients of Hyperiôn as Overgoer, seems liabl

198. Ἠέλιος, Ἣλιος. Sol. Sun. Helios was the son of Hyperiôn by Theia, or according to a Homeridian hymn by Euryp

s was the son of Hyperiôn by Theia, or according to a Homeridian hymn by Euryphaëssa (Wide-shining). His office was to giv

s chariot and his horses, were received into a magic cup or boat made by Hephæstos, which, aided by the current, conveyed

ere received into a magic cup or boat made by Hephæstos, which, aided by the current, conveyed him during the night round

ound the northern part of the earth, where his light was only enjoyed by the happy Hyperboreans, the lofty Rhipæans concea

t203. It is also in the East that ‘the stables’ of Helios are placed by Euripides in his Phaëthôn204; while in another pa

t, beyond Ocean. Alexander the Ætolian206, when speaking of the plant by means of which Glaucos became a sea-god, says tha

to the cup. The park and gardens of Helios are thus richly described by Claudian211 : Thus having said, his gardens all

om it on his diurnal course, when his steeds’ manes have been adorned by Lucifer and Aurora, we may presume that it was in

ndid palace of the Sun, where the lucid god sat enthroned, surrounded by the Days, Months, Years, Seasons, Ages, and Hours

24. The nymphs just mentioned, who kept his cattle, were his children by Neæra (Newness ?)225. Augeas, king of Elis, so ri

rich in flocks and herds, was said to be the offspring of the Sun-god by Iphiboe226. By the nymph Rhodos, the daughter of

Rhodes227. The Graces are also said to have been daughters of Helios by Ægle (Splendour)228. The Ocean-nymph Clymene (Bri

aming). The claims of this youth to a celestial origin being disputed by Epaphos the son of Zeus, he journeyed to the pala

ission to guide the solar chariot for one day, to prove himself there by the undoubted progeny of the Sun-god. Helios, awa

onstrated, but to no purpose. The youth persisted, and the god, bound by his oath, reluctantly committed the reins to his

hing steeds spring forward, but soon aware that they are not directed by the well-known hand, they run out of the course ;

ld it. The tale of Cycnos is only one of the numerous legends devised by the Greeks to account for the origin of remarkabl

e being no stream actually so called ; though it was afterwards given by the poets to the Rhine, the Rhodanus or Rhone, an

ccording to another legend Clytia, a daughter of Oceanos, was beloved by the Sun-god ; but he transferred his affections t

when Zeus and the other Immortals were dividing the earth among them by lot, the Sun happening to be absent got no share.

, and the isle of Rhodes emerged from the deep. Helios is represented by artists driving his four-horse chariot, his head

riot, his head surrounded with rays, a whip in his hand, and preceded by Eosphoros. Sometimes he is standing with a flambe

in Ocean, putting on gleaming raiment, and ascending a chariot drawn by glittering steeds. Theocritus244 also gives Selen

id245 her steeds are snow-white. Statius246 places her in a car drawn by two horses. Pausanias247 says that one of the fig

s248 is the only writer who speaks of the car of the Moon being drawn by mules249. The later poets make steers or heifers

ng the source of her light252; while a third view made her the mother by him of the four Seasons253. In one of the Homerid

of Hyperiôn and Theia was Eôs, or the Dawn. Like Selene she was named by later poets263 from Pallas, and their reason for

phôn down to earth, Eôs asked and obtained him from Zeus272. Eôs was, by Astræos, the mother of the winds Boreas, Zephyros

f Oriôn, and kept him in the isle of Ortygia, till he was slain there by the darts of Artemis274. Cleitos (Bright ?), the

ht ?), the son of Mantios, was for his exceeding beauty snatched away by her, ‘that he might be among the gods275.’ She al

e might be among the gods275.’ She also carried off Cephalos, and had by him a son named Phaëthôn276. But her strongest af

fore her. Sometimes she is winged, at other times not. Eôs was styled by the poets281, 1. Rose-fingered ; 2. Rose-armed ;

in the Theogony287 said to be the sire of Astræos, Pallas and Perses, by Eurybia (Wide-force), probably the daughter of Po

e daughter of Pontos and Earth288. Astræos, as we have just seen, was by Eôs the father of the Winds. Pallas had by Styx t

as we have just seen, was by Eôs the father of the Winds. Pallas had by Styx the Ocean-nymph, Envy and Victory, Strength

d Force ; and Perses married Asteria the daughter of Coios and Phœbe, by whom he had Hecate. There is some difficulty abou

some difficulty about these personages, who are hardly ever mentioned by the poets. The origin of the name Krios is not ap

e Themis and Mnemosyne are reserved to be the parents of moral beings by Zeus in the new order of things. This is surely n

92, while others said that she was the offspring of the Olympian king by Pheræa, the daughter of Æolos293, or by Demeter29

ffspring of the Olympian king by Pheræa, the daughter of Æolos293, or by Demeter294. According to Pherecydes her sire was

æos295. It is said in the Theogony296 that Hecate was highly honoured by Zeus, who allowed her to exercise extensive power

sive power over land and sea, and to share in all the honours enjoyed by the children of Heaven and Earth. She rewards sac

lar power) she is honoured with all power among the immortals, and is by the appointment of Zeus the rearer of children, w

oddess301, and believed to wander by night along the earth, seen only by the dogs, whose baying announced her approach. Sh

to denote her terrific appearance, especially when she came summoned by magic arts. Apollonius307 describes her as having

magic arts. Apollonius307 describes her as having her head surrounded by serpents twining through branches of oak, while t

s, the gods worshiped throughout all Greece. The mutilation of Uranos by his youngest son Kronos, and the overthrow of the

of Uranos by his youngest son Kronos, and the overthrow of the latter by Zeus and his other children, the Kronids, have be

that Kronos ruled over the Isles of the Blest at the end of the earth by the ‘deep-eddying’ ocean ; and Pindar315 gives a

tream. It was fabled at a late period that Kronos lay asleep, guarded by Briareôs, in a desert island near Britannia in th

near Britannia in the Western Ocean317. The golden age, so celebrated by poets, is said to have been in the reign of Krono

irst appeared in the poem of the Gigantomachia321. It is also noticed by Pindar322. Probably the praise of Cheirôn by Home

a321. It is also noticed by Pindar322. Probably the praise of Cheirôn by Homer323 for his love of justice, led to the maki

mythe. Kronos evidently signifies time 325 : he is the son of Heaven, by the motion of whose luminaries time is measured ;

resembles the Italian Saturnalia330. The only epithet given to Kronos by the elder poets is Crooked-counselled 331. This p

mountain. Olympos, where they say the ever firm Seat of the gods is, by the winds unshaken, Nor ever wet with rain, nor e

bore. When in the battle of the gods335 Ares is struck to the earth by Athena, he is described as covering seven plethra

ichôr, which flows in their veins341. They are susceptible of injury by mortal weapons : the arrows of Hercules violate t

verse of the affairs of heaven and earth ; the nectar is handed round by Hebe (Youth), Apollo delights them with the tones

was king of the region of the air and clouds, which had fallen to him by lot on the dethronement of his father Kronos ; th

to behold. Of silver was the rounded nave of each ; The seat was hung by gold and silver cords, And two curved sides encom

led By Hera, eager for the war and strife. These chariots were drawn by horses of celestial breed366, which could whirl t

with state and magnificence368. On ordinary occasions the gods moved by the aid of their golden shoes : when at home in t

er mentions Hestia, and but incidentally Demeter. The earliest writer by whom we find the twelve gods noticed is Hellanicu

and Rhea. He and his brothers, Poseidôn and Hades, divided the world by lot among them, and the portion which fell to him

rity from him381; they are but his vicegerents, and are distinguished by epithets derived from his name382. In his palace

ea, and according to it the supreme power was freely conferred on him by his brothers, and he thus became the acknowledged

rding to another account the infant deity was fed on ambrosia brought by pigeons from the streams of Ocean, and on nectar

ch he was reared, but the tomb which contained his remains, was shown by the ‘lying Cretans390 The Arcadians, on the othe

the new-born babe, but in vain, for Arcadia was then a land unwatered by streams ; the Ladôn, the Alpheios, and their kind

e was a place named Cretes, as other spots in Arcadia were designated by names belonging to places in Crete392. All, there

The Oceanis Eurynome next produced him the Graces ; Demeter was then by him the mother of Persephone, Mnemosyne of the Mu

Eileithyia. According to Homer394 Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus by Dione. The Theogony further says that Maia, the d

he gods, and every species of transmutation and disguise was employed by him to accomplish his object. He assumed the form

esty of Alcmena, who became the mother of Heracles. Leda was beguiled by him in the shape of a beautiful white swan. Under

her of Perseus. Antiope, the mother of Amphiôn and Zethos, was forced by him in the guise of a satyr. To seduce the Arcadi

Epaphos. Many other heroes could also boast of being the sons of Zeus by different mothers. Of all these mortal loves we s

e oriental and early Greek style to represent magnitude or excellence by associating it with the name of the deity397, it

himself with man’ — we are indebted for some interesting legends told by poets, of Zeus taking the human form, and coming

ety ; and that on occasion of which the piety of Hyrieus was rewarded by the birth of Oriôn. The most pleasing tale is tha

riôn. The most pleasing tale is that of Philemôn and Baucis, narrated by Ovid in his most agreeable manner, to the followi

t an aged man, named Philemôn, with Baucis his wife, of equal years : by them the wayfarers were gladly received. The poet

t before their celestial guests, whose quality was at length revealed by the miracle of the wine-bowl being spontaneously

red the fate of their neighbours it became a temple. On being desired by Zeus to express their wishes, they prayed that th

d darkness, and struck terror into mortal hearts, was formed for Zeus by Hephæstos406. In Homer we see it sometimes borne

s formed for Zeus by Hephæstos406. In Homer we see it sometimes borne by Apollo407 and by Athena408. The most famous templ

by Hephæstos406. In Homer we see it sometimes borne by Apollo407 and by Athena408. The most famous temple of this god was

, the Selli, announced his will and futurity409. Zeus was represented by the artists as the model of dignity and majesty o

ad been the domestic image of Priamos, and had been brought from Troy by Sthenelos. The three eyes are rightly explained b

brought from Troy by Sthenelos. The three eyes are rightly explained by Pausanias as indicative of the dominion of Zeus (

tars418. Poseidôn, like his brother Zeus, had a numerous progeny both by goddesses and mortals. The fleet steed Areiôn was

e form419. According to one account the nymph Rhodos was his daughter by Aphrodite420. Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus, an

ho in their ninth year attempted to scale heaven422. As a ram, he was by Theophane, daughter of Bisaltos, the sire of the

he huge Cyclops Polyphemos424. The invulnerable Cycnos, who was slain by Achilles, was also the offspring of this deity425

with foul play in the chariot-race, he requires him to clear himself by an oath to Poseidôn435. All this indicates a clos