d to the biographies of Pompeius, Caesar and Augustus, to warfare, to provincial affairs and to constitutional history has been se

ere over. But not veterans only were attached to his cause from his provincial commands the dynast won to his allegiance and per

n on various occasions, arrayed in open day to defend an extortionate provincial governor, to attack some pestilential tribune, or

several partisans or allies already in control of the more important provincial armies. 6 The combination ruled, though modified

tested for example by the inscr. ILS 6976 from Nemausus, and later by provincial notables like Cn. Domitius Afer (cos. suff. A.D.

ently advocated the cause of the oppressed, whether Roman, Italian or provincial . He had shown that he was not afraid of vested in

campaigning in the Balkans and the East, he tied up magistracies and provincial commands in advance by placing them, according to

ce gave up a lost cause, receiving pardon from Caesar, high favour, a provincial command and finally the praetorship in 44 B.C. Ye

For a full list, Drumann-Groebe, Gesch. Roms III2, 700 f. 6 For the provincial governors of that period, E. Letz, Die Provinsial

nzer, P- W VI A, 1557. For the possibility that there were one or two provincial senators even before Caesar, cf. BSR Papers XIV (

ntonius. The consul had already decided to take for himself a special provincial command. Further, alarmed by the intrigues curren

reported at Rhegium an expectation that Antonius might surrender his provincial command, that Brutus and Cassius would be able to

piration of his consular year, he was lost. His enemies might win the provincial armies. Brutus and Cassius had left Italy, ostens

hout armed aid from the provinces, or at least loyal support from the provincial governors, usurpation of power at Rome was doomed

lence. At Athens he looked about for allies, opened negotiations with provincial governors but did not act at once. The news of ar

he grants of Sulla. Further, many of his colonies were established on provincial soil, sparing Italy. A party prevailed when Caesa

enus soon disappear. Only Antonius and Plancus remain. The Dictator’s provincial governors and commanders in his civil wars natura

4 Later in the year NotesPage=>222 1 Below, p. 227. 2 On the provincial governors and partisans of the Triumvirs, cf. L.

insmen among the Republicans. Lacking authority with the armies and a provincial clientela like that of Pompeius or the Caesarian

released from service, allotting lands and founding colonies more on provincial than Italian soil. That was politic and perhaps n

rance of Antonius less evident in his following of Roman senators his provincial governors, generals, admirals and diplomats. 3 Of

Page=>266 1 Dio 49, 40, 2. 2 Plutarch, Antonius 56. 3 On the provincial governors of Antonius, see L. Ganter, Die Provinz

7, 3), was perhaps appointed by Antonius. There is no evidence of any provincial commands held by L. Caninius Gallus, C. Fonteius

splendent donations, whatever they were, made no difference at all to provincial administration in the East. Yet even now Antonius

ion of the Pirates vanished the principal (and original) reason for a provincial command in the south of Asia Minor. The province

ator; and there was an imposing total of Roman knights to be found in provincial cities like Gades and Corduba. 2 Old Balbus and h

have been the immediate successor of L. Cornificius in Africa, On the provincial commands in the years 32–28, see further below, p

1 As Tarn argues, CQ XXVI (1932), 75 ff. It is clear, however, that provincial levies were heavily drawn upon. Brutus, for examp

ination. When a faction seized power at Rome, the consulate and the provincial armies were the traditional instruments of ‘legit

ius (cos. suff. 31). It must be admitted, however, that full lists of provincial governors in the early years of the Principate of

al debate and public policy, a vague and traditional control over all provincial governors. At need, he could revive the imperium

ital might be suppressed without causing disturbances: if backed by a provincial army, it might mean civil war the Varro in charge

ght the rapid rewards of a revolutionary age. Obscurity of birth or provincial origin was no bar. Of the great plebeian marshals

y, Augustus provided the discharged legionaries with land, Italian or provincial , which he had purchased from his own funds. After

of his provinces. They were drawn from the aristocracy of the towns, provincial as well as Italian. Thus P. Vitellius of Nuceri

the Roman People. He might have become a lawyer, a Roman senator, a provincial governor: he preferred to be a fashionable poet a

ed order cities, dynasts and kings, Roman citizens and natives. The provincial recruited for service in the auxiliary regiments

emo of Pontus or the Thracian dynasts, all worked for Rome, as though provincial governors. Augustus regarded the kings as integra

pia. Spain and Narbonensis, along with northern Italy (until recently provincial ), vigorous and prosperous regions, were loyal to

ive hierarchy in the first century of the Principate until they set a provincial emperor upon the throne and found a dynasty of Sp

mentation of the Senate by the promotion of adherents obscure or even provincial in extraction. In purpose and in effect that meas

Rttterstand, 389. Further, C. Julius Aquila (c. 10 B.C.) may well be provincial , perhaps from Bithynia- Pontus (for another membe

l career, dispensing to their adherents magistracies, priesthoods and provincial commands. The quaestorship admitted a man to the

ere were priesthoods and the patriciate, administrative positions and provincial commands. When religion is the care of the State

devices whereby the political dynasts of the previous age disposed of provincial commands need no recapitulation. Their manoeuvres

d none. The precaution may appear excessive. Not in Rome but with the provincial armies lay the real resources of power and the on

ow the veterans of the Civil Wars had been established in Italian and provincial colonies. Fresh material and a better tradition t

very thorough. The difference lies more in continuous and repeated provincial commands. Of an unbroken career at the head of ar

would be allowed to hold high command in Spain. The earlier class of provincial magnates recall by their gentilicia the proconsul

airs, former governors and procurators. 3 If not themselves absent on provincial commands, men like Lollius, Quirinius and Piso wi

with rival candidates already asserting their claims to monarchy. The provincial armies elevated Vespasian to the purple after civ

a (P-W XIII, 475). Pliny, Epp. 9, 13, 11, attests the danger from the provincial armies. Late in 97 or early in 98 Syria is found

us of the corn supply; another knight, M. Magius, held Egypt. All the provincial armies were in the hands of sure partisans. On th

k, CAH x, 467. PageBook=>456 Not every novus homo, however, or provincial aristocrat was an exemplar of virtue and integrit

ll as Italy, with the same accepted terminology and standards. Beside provincial paragons will be set the figure of the earliest N

e Apennines were by no means abundant. On the other hand, northern or provincial Italy, above all the parts beyond the Po, a regio

tars but not temples, as at Tarraco and at Narbo. There was as yet no provincial cult in these regions, for the colonies and munic

ore authentic grievances. Augustus intended to keep firm control over provincial governors. He tightened the legal procedure for d

of Rome, infallible arbiter of urban purity, mocked and showed up the provincial . Pollio, an Italian from the land of the Marrucin

he provincial. Pollio, an Italian from the land of the Marrucini, was provincial himself, in a sense. The original sin of Livy is

the imperial Senate. Still less does he venture to attack the opulent provincial families issuing from Spain and Narbonensis. They

way fitting that Spain and Narbonensis should have supplied the first provincial emperors, of stock Italian, native or mixed, the

son of another, were patrician into the bargain. Trajan was the first provincial emperor, a Spaniard married to a woman from Nemau

s Etruscan, Samnite or Picene, Spain and Narbonensis open the roll of provincial consuls. They herald the Empire’s invasion of the

ssor, was not a Roman aristocrat either, but a new man, presumably of provincial extraction, like his father- in-law and like the

nd promotion for senator, for knight or for soldier, for Roman or for provincial . The rewards were not so splendid as in the wars

7), 323 ff. PageBook=>523 This precious document, surviving in provincial copies, bears the hall-mark of official truth: it

393. Committees, administrative, 403 f.; judicial, 408 f. Concilia, provincial , 474, 477. PageBook=>543 Concordia, 363.

f., 67, 396; political allies, 28 f., 43 ff., 491; freedmen, 76, 385; provincial clientela, 30, 42, 74 ff., 261 ff. His character,

309, 327; as a provincia of Augustus, 313, 326; conquest of, 332 f.; provincial divisions in, 326, 395, 401; senators from Spain,