rm or rather, perhaps, from hostility to Scipio Aemilianus put up the tribune Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. The Metelli backed Sulla

y, the Roman knights, converted into a ruinous political force by the tribune C. Gracchus when he set them in control of the la

fore long the Italian allies were dragged into Roman dissensions. The tribune M. Livius Drusus hoped to enlist them on the side

us consul, M. Aemilius Lepidus, claiming to restore the rights of the tribunes and supported by a resurgence of the defeated cau

es and supported by a resurgence of the defeated causes in Italy. The tribunes were only a pretext, but the Marian party the pro

ul. Its origins lie at the very heart of Roman dynastic politics. The tribune M. Livius Drusus, whose activities did so much to

fend an extortionate provincial governor, to attack some pestilential tribune , or to curb a general hostile to the government.

binius and Manilius. There was a fine rally at the prosecution of the tribune Cornelius ‘dixerunt in eum infesti testimonia pri

itius Ahenobarbus (cos. 96), was very influential with the plebs when tribune in 104, then carrying a law to transfer sacerdota

ution (70 B.C.). The knights received a share in the jury-courts, the tribunes recovered the powers of which Sulla had stripped

bitious orator of humble extraction, managed the negotiations between tribunes and army commanders when they united to overthrow

ro’s consulate Q. Metellus Celer was praetor. 4 The activities of the tribune Labienus and his associates on Pompeius’ behalf w

government. The Senate proclaimed a state of emergency, suspended the tribune from his functions, and even threatened to depose

by Crassus, by Cato and by the Metelli. 8 Then a second defeat. The tribune L. Flavius brought forward NotesPage=>033

lash, in 67 B.C. Velleius 2, 40, 6). There was rioting, and Pompeius’ tribune Flavius imprisoned the consul Metellus Celer (Ad

usion. The leader of the Optimates had fought against the consuls and tribunes of Pompeius Magnus, mocked the flaunting victorie

Pompeius. Praetor-designate and praetor, Caesar worked with Pompeius’ tribunes , devising honours for the absent general and trou

rassus, the consular power of Caesar, and the services of a number of tribunes ; further, less obtrusive and barely to be perceiv

satisfy both personal honour and the convenience of the dynasts, the tribune proceeded to reinforce his own influence, his pro

legions. NotesPage=>037 1 Note the extravagant proposal of the tribune C. Messius, Ad Att. 4, 1, 7. 2 Pro Sestio 136 f

the rest; and he arrogated to himself the power of the whole board of tribunes . Proconsulare imperium and tribunicia potestas we

=>039 1 The proposal was not published until 53, when Hirrus was tribune . Cato nearly deprived him of his office (Plutarch

five years more and sought by a trick to annul the law passed by the tribunes of the year conceding to Caesar the right to stan

is esse. ’ PageBook=>041 venal. 1 Caesar could always count on tribunes . C. Scribonius Curio, a vigorous orator, began th

or, mindful, like Cato, of a great ancestor, turned his attack on the tribune Curio, but in vain, and on Curio’s friend, the ae

es at Rome. Moreover, Antonius and other adherents of Caesar, elected tribunes for the next year, promised to continue the tacti

acious: six days later his province was taken from him. The Caesarian tribunes NotesPage=>041 1 For this precise formulat

uthority set at nought and fruitless contests with the consul and the tribunes of Pompeius. It was later claimed by their last

e party willing to provoke a war. As the artful motion of a Caesarian tribune had revealed, an overwhelming majority in the Sen

ence of his adversaries: Caesar stood in defence of the rights of the tribunes and the liberties of the Roman People. But that w

past and who more recently claimed to be asserting the rights of the tribunes , the liberty of the Roman People. He was not mist

prudent men soon refused further support to the rash, self-righteous tribune when he plunged into illegal courses. The politic

gold of Gaul poured in steady streams to Rome, purchasing consuls and tribunes , paying the debts of needy senators and winning t

ippus and C. Marcellus; and the son of Philippus joined the Caesarian tribunes . 4 Old associations that might have appeared negl

by the sons of the proconsuls with whom Caesar had served as military tribune and as quaestor. 5 Caesar had kept faith with Cra

ufus, a kinsman, it may be presumed, of that eloquent and high-minded tribune whose legislation precipitated the Civil War betw

on by men called populares. Pompeius had once been a popularis, using tribunes and the advocacy of reform for his personal ambit

ular C. Antonius (ILS 6204). PageBook=>066 in Gaul. The active tribune was a marked man. Some of these pestilential citi

us Calenus and the robust and cheerful P. Vatinius, a popular figure, tribune in Caesar’s consulate, managed to hold their own.

a young man from the Sabine country who had plunged into politics, a tribune conspicuous among the opponents of the Optimates

ria, as the clearest of NotesPage=>066 1 On Q. Fufius Calenus, tribune in 61 B.C. (when he protected Clodius), praetor i

A Commentary on Cicero in Vatinium (1926), 29 ff. Of former Pompeian tribunes , L. Flavius joined Caesar (Ad Att. 10, 1, 2) and

oscribed family. Yet he is surely the same person as C. Vibius Pansa, tribune in 51 B.C. (Ad fam. 8, 8, 6). A. Hirtius is nowhe

may be reckoned the Hostilii from Cremona and the poet Helvius Cinna, tribune of the plebs in 44 B.C.4 Gallia Narbonensis can

s and a large number of citizens by this date. L. Decidius Saxa, made tribune of the plebs by Caesar in 44 B.C., had served und

6, 9, 7; Cicero, Pro Flacco 45). 2 Ad Att. 10, 8, 3 3 M. Cispius, tribune in 57, ‘vir optimus et constantissimus’ (Pro Sest

tied classes looked with distrust upon the reform programmes of Roman tribunes and hated the Roman poor. C. Maecenas from Arreti

es; and Caesar, who had taken up arms in defence of the rights of the tribunes , was manoeuvred into a clash with the champions o

re than once during the Civil Wars, in 49 B.C. when Antonius was only tribune of the plebs, and after Pharsalus, as Master of t

without delay announced that he accepted the adoption and persuaded a tribune , L. Antonius, the brother of the consul, to allow

l, of fairly wide terms of reference. More patronage: L. Antonius the tribune was to be president of a board of seven commissio

a Republican or NotesPage=>116 1 Namely, the two consuls, the tribune L. Antonius, the dramatic writer Nucula, Caesenni

), 191, on Ad Att. 15, 3, 2 (May 22nd). PageBook=>117 Antonian tribune ; then, waiting for a better opportunity, he deriv

scription ‘Parenti optime merito’. 2 His enemies let loose upon him a tribune , Ti. Cannutius by name. The exacerbated Antonius

ckers were timid or absent. He had to be content with the plebs and a tribune . Brought before an assembly of the People by Ti.

revolutionary cause. Had the consul attempted to outlaw Octavianus, a tribune would surely have vetoed the measure: he could no

nservative sentiments and ready to defend his interests against Roman tribunes . The family appears to have sided with Marius in

revealing account of his associates, save honourable mention of three tribunes and a legionary commander whom he had seduced fro

er,ib. 13, 26, 2. 2 Phil. 11, 11 ff.; 13, 26 ff. 3 Ib. 3, 23. The tribunes were Ti. Cannutius, L. Cassius Longinus (a brothe

t themselves too soon, he kept out of the way. Yet he probably lent a tribune : Ti. Cannutius belonged to the following of Isaur

t be deserted by his peers, coerced by military dynasts or harried by tribunes . This treatise was published in 51 B.C. About t

IUS PageBook=>162 THE Senate met on December 20th, convened by tribunes on the specious pretext of taking precautions in

ribed them, had declared for the Republic. The Senate met in haste. A tribune friendly to Cicero announced the glad tidings to

umvirs inaugurated the proscriptions by the arrest and execution of a tribune of the Roman People. 4 Roman society under the

mpeded. The remainder were put to death among them Ti. Cannutius, the tribune who had presented Caesar’s heir before the people

r father, slain at Philippi, was a Claudius adopted in infancy by the tribune Livius Drusus),2 she married a kinsman, Ti. Claud

d religious sanction. Caesar’s heir was granted sacrosanctity such as tribunes of the plebs enjoyed. 7 He had already usurped th

ius Capito came of a highly reputable praetorian family, L. Vinicius ( tribune in 51 B.C.) of equestrian stock from Cales. L. Fl

4 Sallust, BJ 4. PageBook=>248 political activity, a turbulent tribune in the third consulate of Pompeius. Expelled fr

al and pointless deception. The sudden prominence of consuls and of a tribune at the beginning of 32 B.C. may be taken as fair

of Octavianus; he proposed a motion of censure which was vetoed by a tribune . That closed the session. Octavianus meanwhile

for reaction or for domination, even for all three ends at once. The tribune Livius Drusus, working in conservative interests

ed to redress the balance of Roman politics and to thwart the popular tribune or military dynast. Such at least was the plea an

Livy stated that Cornelius Cossus won the spolia opima when military tribune : but Augustus told Livy that he had seen in the t

changes he proposes are few and modest, little more than coercion of tribunes and more power for the Senate and for censors: no

ess to pass over the scorn of the nobiles; he would not be harried by tribunes or constrained to speak in defence of political a

potestas. As early as 36 B.C. he had acquired the sacrosanctity of a tribune for life, in 30 B.C. certain powers in law. No

nd for the profits of the centurionate. But the positions of military tribune in the legions and of cavalry commander (praefect

sterces. 5 During the Triumviral period an ex-slave became military tribune . Horace is ferociously indignant ‘hoc, hoc tribun

’ Cf. Cicero, Pro Balbo, passim. 4 Livy 4, 3, 10 ff. (speech of the tribune Canuleius); ILS 212 and Tacitus, Ann. II, 24 (‘or

ns of senators, aspirants to the senatorial career, serve as military tribunes , sometimes as praefecti equitum as well. 5 So gre

veloped system of the Principate, the previous experience as military tribune and legionary legate gained by a man described as

e age of twenty-nine but that was after service in war, as a military tribune in Spain, a general in Armenia and in the Alpine

was a varied company that included L. Aelius Seianus and the military tribune Velleius Paterculus. 2 Tiberius came to Samos w

pts touching agriculture and the good life which the retired military tribune C. Castricius caused to be engraved on his sepulc

under the Principate, 355; see also Knights. Firmius, L., military tribune , 354. Firmum, 169. Flavii, 83, 354, 361. Flav

legate in Spain, 333; consul, 373. Gabinius, A. (cos. 58 B.C.), as tribune , 29; legate of Pompeius, 31, 32; consul, 36, 82,

fa, Cn., landowner and friend of Varro, 31. Tribunate, 16, 52, 120. Tribunes , use of, by dynasts, 29, 32, 35, 41; sacrosanctit

03. Vatinius, P., from Reate, 90. Vatinius, P. (cos. 47 B.C.), as tribune , 66; attacked by poets, 63, 252; as consul, 94; p